Epicardial and Coronary Sinus Echocardiography.

Catheter-based ultrasonography is a widely used tool in cardiac electrophysiology practice, and intracardiac echocardiography is supplanting other forms of imaging to become the dominant imaging modality. Given advances in pericardial access, intrapericardial echocardiography can be performed using ultrasound catheters as well. Intrapericardial echocardiography and echocardiography from the coronary sinus, also an epicardial structure, allows interventionalists to obtain unique views from virtually any vantage point, compared with other forms of echocardiography. Both intrapericardial echocardiography and coronary sinus echocardiography are safe and important alternatives that can be used during complex procedures in the electrophysiology laboratory.

Use of intracardiac echocardiography in the electrophysiology laboratory.

The intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) offers a detailed visualization of the cardiac structures, in association with hemodynamic information, allowing the precise and real-time positioning of the catheters, decreasing the time of exposure to fluoroscopy and the monitoring of acute complications during the electrophysiological procedure (i.e., formation of thrombi, pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade), Consequently, its use has progressively increased, mainly in the ablation of atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias. It has shown to be very useful in the ablation of atrial fibrillation by providing anatomic data on the left atrium and pulmonary veins, helping in transseptal punctures, locating the ostium and antrum of the pulmonary veins, monitoring tissue injury during radiofrequency (RF) use, preventing esophageal injury by monitoring the injuries caused by RF on the left atrial posterior wall and assessing the pulmonary vein flow.

Aplicações do ecocardiograma intracardíaco no laboratório de eletrofisiologia / Use of intracardiac echocardiography in the electrophysiology laboratory / Aplicaciones del ecocardiograma intracardíaco en el laboratorio de electrofisiología

O ecocardiograma intracardíaco (EIC) proporciona uma visualização detalhada das estruturas cardíacas, combinada a informações hemodinâmicas, permitindo posicionamento acurado e em tempo real do posicionamento dos cateteres, redução do tempo de exposição à fluoroscopia, e a monitorização de complicações agudas durante o procedimento eletrofisiológico (ex. formação de trombos, derrame pericárdico, tamponamento cardíaco). Por isso, a sua utilização tem sido crescente, principalmente na ablação da fibrilação atrial e das arritmias ventriculares. Na ablação de fibrilação atrial demonstra grande utilidade por fornecer dados anatômicos do átrio esquerdo e veias pulmonares, auxiliar nas punções transeptais, localizar o óstio e antro das veias pulmonares, monitorizar a lesão tecidual durante a aplicação de radiofrequência (RF), prevenir injúria esofágica através da monitorização das lesões por RF na parede posterior do átrio esquerdo e avaliar o fluxo das veias pulmonares.

The intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) offers a detailed visualization of the cardiac structures, in association with hemodynamic information, allowing the precise and real-time positioning of the catheters, decreasing the time of exposure to fluoroscopy and the monitoring of acute complications during the electrophysiological procedure (i.e., formation of thrombi, pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade), Consequently, its use has progressively increased, mainly in the ablation of atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias. It has shown to be very useful in the ablation of atrial fibrillation by providing anatomic data on the left atrium and pulmonary veins, helping in transseptal punctures, locating the ostium and antrum of the pulmonary veins, monitoring tissue injury during radiofrequency (RF) use, preventing esophageal injury by monitoring the injuries caused by RF on the left atrial posterior wall and assessing the pulmonary vein flow.

El ecocardiograma intracardíaco (EIC) proporciona una visualización detallada de las estructuras cardíacas, combinada a informaciones hemodinámicas, permitiendo posicionamiento preciso y en tiempo real del posicionamiento de los catéteres, reducción del tiempo de exposición a la fluoroscopia, y el monitoreo de complicaciones agudas durante el procedimiento electrofisiológico (ex. formación de trombos, derrame pericárdico, taponamiento cardíaco). Por eso, su utilización ha sido creciente, principalmente en la ablación de la fibrilación atrial y de las arritmias ventriculares. En la ablación de fibrilación atrial demuestra gran utilidad por proveer datos anatómicos del atrio izquierdo y venas pulmonares, auxiliar en las punciones transeptales, localizar el ostio y antro de las venas pulmonares, monitorear la lesión tisular durante la aplicación de radiofrecuencia (RF), prevenir injuria esofágica a través del monitoreo de las lesiones por RF en la pared posterior del atrio izquierdo y evaluar el flujo de las venas pulmonares.

Simultaneous epicardial and endocardial mapping of a left-sided posteroseptal accessory pathway associated with a large coronary sinus diverticulum: successful ablation by transection of the diverticulum's neck.

Transcutaneous pericardial instrumentation in a patient with a left-sided posteroseptal accessory pathway associated with a large coronary sinus diverticulum was performed after three previous unsuccessful ablations. The earliest ventricular activation site was recorded epicardially using a catheterin the pericardial space, but energy delivery at this site was not possible due to high impedances. Intravascular linear lesions transecting the neck of the large coronary sinus diverticulum using the pericardial catheter as a target allowed successful radiofrequency catheter ablation of the accessory pathway. This case outlines potential problems with ablations in the pericardial space and provides an alternative solution that can spare patients from open surgical procedures.

Current status and future expectations for multisite pacing in heart failure.

The number of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) has achieved astonishing proportions. It is a debilitating and usually lethal condition, aside from being responsible for an enormous proportion of health care expenditures. Advances in medical therapy have not been sufficient to significantly improve prognosis, and heart transplantation can only benefit a minority of patients. Biventricular pacing has emerged as a promising form of therapy for patients with severe, medical refractory CHF with ventricular conduction defects. However, there are many technical issues to be solved, and better methods of selecting patients who respond favorably to this form of therapy are yet to be developed. This article reviews the rationale, delivery modes, and available data supporting multisite cardiac pacing as an alternative form of therapy for the failing heart.