RESUMEN
Background In traditional medicine, Allium cepa Linnaeus is used for the treatment of several disease conditions. Whilst reports abound on the effects of several cultivars of A. cepa L on biochemical parameters, similar information on the red cultivar is scarce. This study examines the effects of the methanol extract of the red cultivar A. cepa L on some serum biochemical parameters in experimental Wistar rats. Materials and methods Fifty-five Wistar rats were divided into three groups (A, B and C), which include 25, 25 and 5 rats, respectively. The rats in Groups A and B were sub-divided into 5 groups of 5 rats. Each rat was administered a certain dose of methanol extract of the red cultivar A. cepa L for 14 days (Group A) or 28 days (Group B). Group C rats served as the control and were administered with distilled water (10 mL/kg). Results A. cepa L administration resulted in dyslipidaemia, hyponatremia, hypokalaemia and hyperchloraemia; a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in hepatic enzymes and a significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum bicarbonate, bilirubin and its fractions. Conclusions These biochemical results indicate that the excessive and prolonged medicinal consumption of A. cepa L products beyond 7 days may induce moderate hepatic injury and mild renal dysfunction and may complicate disease conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes. Thus, in order to minimize its toxic effects, it is recommended that A. cepa L products should not be used for more than seven consecutive days or beyond a dosage of 90 mg/kg.
Asunto(s)
Electrólitos/metabolismo , Cebollas/química , Desequilibrio Hidroelectrolítico/inducido químicamente , Administración Oral , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Masculino , Metanol/química , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/toxicidad , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Factores de Tiempo , Desequilibrio Hidroelectrolítico/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Parquetina nigrescens is commonly used to treat diseases in humans and animals in developing countries, including Nigeria. This study evaluates the effects of its polyphenol-rich fraction (prf) on dichlorvos-induced cardio- and renal toxicity. There were several factors assessed during this study, including cardiac and renal markers, serum myeloperoxidase and xanthine oxidase, and electrocardiograph (ECG) changes. The changes in electrocardiograph (ECG) were recorded. Immunohistochemistry of cardiac and renal p38 and nitrotyrosine was determined. Dichlorvos exposure caused a significant decrease in L-glutathione (reduced glutathione) and other antioxidant enzymes with increases in malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, advanced oxidation protein products, and protein carbonyl levels. It also brought about alterations in microanatomy of the heart and kidneys accompanied by increases in serum creatinine and urea levels. Exposure to dichlorvos induced prolonged QRS interval and shortened QT durations in rats. Immunohistochemistry revealed lower expressions of cardiac nitrotyrosine and renal p38 (mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAPK) in rats treated with prf of P. nigrescens. Combining all, prf of P. nigrescens demonstrated antioxidant as well as protective properties in the heart and kidneys of rats exposed to dichlorvos. It ameliorated dichlorvos-induced cardio- and nephrotoxicity giving credence to its use in ethnomedicine.
Asunto(s)
Cryptolepis/química , Suplementos Dietéticos , Intoxicación por Organofosfatos/prevención & control , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas/química , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Polifenoles/uso terapéutico , Sustancias Protectoras/uso terapéutico , Administración Oral , Animales , Biomarcadores/sangre , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Cryptolepis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Diclorvos/administración & dosificación , Diclorvos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Diclorvos/toxicidad , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Ventrículos Cardíacos/efectos de los fármacos , Ventrículos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Ventrículos Cardíacos/patología , Ventrículos Cardíacos/fisiopatología , Insecticidas/administración & dosificación , Insecticidas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/metabolismo , Riñón/patología , Riñón/fisiopatología , Masculino , Nigeria , Intoxicación por Organofosfatos/metabolismo , Intoxicación por Organofosfatos/patología , Intoxicación por Organofosfatos/fisiopatología , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Polifenoles/administración & dosificación , Polifenoles/análisis , Polifenoles/aislamiento & purificación , Sustancias Protectoras/administración & dosificación , Sustancias Protectoras/química , Sustancias Protectoras/aislamiento & purificación , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas Wistar , Insuficiencia Renal/etiología , Insuficiencia Renal/prevención & control , Tirosina/agonistas , Tirosina/análogos & derivados , Tirosina/antagonistas & inhibidores , Tirosina/metabolismo , Disfunción Ventricular/etiología , Disfunción Ventricular/prevención & control , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/química , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismoRESUMEN
The hypoglycaemic and antihyperglycaemic effects of methanol extract of leaves of Cleome rutidosperma (Cr) DC (Family: Capparidaceae) was investigated in Wistar rats. Fifty normoglycaemic male rats (120 g-200 g) were divided into groups A (hypoglycaemic study; n=20) and B (antihyperglycaemic study; n=30). Each experiment had one control group and three groups administered with Cr (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg) respectively. Group B had two additional groups of diabetic-untreated rats and glibenclamide-treated diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in Group B rats (except control) fasted overnight for 12 h by intraperitoneal injection of Alloxan (100 mg/kg). Fasting blood glucose levels (FBGL) were determined and alloxan-treated rats with BGL >200 mg/dl 48 h post-induction were considered diabetic. Data obtained were analyzed using One-way ANOVA and Duncan Multiple Range Test (p<0.05). Cr-treated rats showed significant decline in BGL with noteworthy decline by day 3 post-treatment at the dose of 200 mg/kg (236.40±14.72 mg/dl) from 336.40±21.06 mg/dl. Cr at the dose of 200 mg/kg (72.20±6.18 mg/dl, 69.20±7.81 mg/dl, 137.80±7.15 mg/dl and 70.60±10.66 mg/dl) showed better glycemic control compared to glibenclamide (194.50±7.75 mg/dl, 253.75±7.20 mg/dl, 284.25±10.56 mg/dl and 156.00±10.80 mg/dl). Cr-treated rats also showed progressive weight gain through the course of the study. This study demonstrated Cr has antihyperglycemic effect with more rapid onset of action and better glycemic control compared to glibenclamide.
Asunto(s)
Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Cleome/química , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Hiperglucemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Fitoterapia/métodos , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Animales , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangre , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Gliburida/uso terapéutico , Hiperglucemia/sangre , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Metanol/química , Hojas de la Planta/química , RatasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study was designed to investigate the hepatoprotective and in vivo antioxidant effects of the ethanol extract of whole fruit of Lagenaria breviflora (LB) in experimental animals. METHODS: Forty nine Wistar albino rats were divided into seven groups of seven. Group I served as the control group; rats in Group II were given i.p. carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) (1.5 mL/kg) alone; Groups III-VI received different concentrations of plant extract (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg) with CCL4 and Group VII received kolaviron (KV) at 200 mg/kg as a reference hepatoprotective agent. RESULTS: There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H202) generation in the serum of CCL4 treated rats (Group II) while the serum glutathione (GSH) level decreased significantly. Pretreatment with LB extract led to a significant (p<0.05) increase in serum GSH and a significant (p<0.05) reduction in MDA and H2O2generation. The activities of marker enzymes, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), bilirubin, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increased (p<0.05) significantly in CCL4 treated rats (Group II). CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggested that treatment with LB extract enhances the recovery from CCL4 induced hepatic damage and oxidative stress via its antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/prevención & control , Cucurbitaceae , Etanol/química , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Solventes/química , Animales , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Bilirrubina/sangre , Biomarcadores/sangre , Nitrógeno de la Urea Sanguínea , Tetracloruro de Carbono , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/sangre , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/etiología , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/patología , Creatinina/sangre , Cucurbitaceae/química , Citoprotección , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Enzimas/sangre , Flavonoides/farmacología , Frutas , Glutatión/sangre , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/sangre , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/patología , Masculino , Malondialdehído/sangre , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Plantas Medicinales , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Ethanolic leaf extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius was evaluated for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. METHODS: The analgesic activity of the extract was assayed by the formalin-induced paw licking test, acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and hot plate test, whereas its anti-inflammatory activity was determined by its effects on carrageenan-induced paw edema. RESULTS: The extract of C. aconitifolius prolonged the reaction time of mice to pain in a dose-dependent manner. The optimal analgesic effect of the extract was obtained when the extract was administered 90 min before pain stimulation in the hot plate test. The extract of C. aconitifolius (100 or 200 mg/kg b.w.) inhibited acetic acid-induced irritation of paws of rats comparably with that of indomethacin (10 mg/kg b.w.) and had significantly lower mean number of lickings of paws than the control rats (p<0.05). Carrageenan-induced edema was markedly inhibited (p<0.05) by the extracts (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w.) when compared with control rats. Inhibition of writhing movement in rats administered with the extract was lower (p<0.05) than rats administered with indomethacin but its effect was dose-dependent. CONCLUSIONS: Our investigations show that C. aconitifolius possesses significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities that should be explored.
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Analgésicos/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Etanol/química , Euphorbiaceae , Inflamación/prevención & control , Dolor/prevención & control , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Solventes/química , Ácido Acético , Analgésicos/química , Analgésicos/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Carragenina , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Euphorbiaceae/química , Formaldehído , Indometacina/farmacología , Inflamación/inducido químicamente , Inflamación/patología , Ratones , Dolor/inducido químicamente , Dolor/fisiopatología , Dolor/psicología , Umbral del Dolor/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Hojas de la Planta , Plantas Medicinales , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Tiempo de Reacción/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
A wide variety of phenolic compounds derived from spices possess potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic activities. [6]-gingerol (1-[4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone) is the major pungent principle of ginger, with numerous pharmacological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and antitumor promoting properties. It could decrease inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) expression through suppression of I-kappaB alpha (IkappaBalpha) phosphorylation, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) nuclear translocation. Other antiproliferative mechanisms of [6]-gingerol include the release of Cytochrome c, Caspases activation, and increase in apoptotic protease-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) as mechanism of apoptosis induction. Taken together, the chemopreventive potentials of [6]-gingerol present a promising future alternative to therapeutic agents that are expensive, toxic, and might even be carcinogenic.
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Catecoles/uso terapéutico , Quimioprevención/métodos , Alcoholes Grasos/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias/prevención & control , Animales , Humanos , FN-kappa B/metabolismoRESUMEN
Curcumin [1, 7-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1, 6 heptadiene-3, 5-dione] is an orange-yellow component of turmeric (Curcuma longa), a spice often found in curry powder. It is known to have a variety of biologic and pharmacologic activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anticarcinogenic potential. It is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 with capacity to simultaneously induce detoxifying enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase and as such may find application as a chemopreventive agent. Curcumin is a potent inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2, lipooxygenase, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), nuclear factor-kappaB, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and protein kinase C and has also been demonstrated to play a vital role against pathological conditions such as cancer, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases.