RESUMEN
Cancer affects millions of individuals worldwide. Thus, there is an increased need for the development of novel effective therapeutic approaches. Tumorigenesis is often coupled with immunosuppression which defeats the anticancer immune defense mechanisms activated by the host. Novel anticancer therapies based on the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are very promising against both solid and hematological tumors, although still exhibiting heterogeneous efficacy, as well as tolerability. Such a differential response seems to derive from individual diversity, including the gut microbiota (GM) composition of specific patients. Experimental evidence supports the key role played by the GM in the activation of the immune system response against malignancies. This observation suggests to aim for patienttailored complementary therapies able to modulate the GM, enabling the selective enrichment in microbial species, which can improve the positive outcome of ICIbased immunotherapy. Moreover, the research of GMderived predictive biomarkers may help to identify the selected cancer population, which can benefit from ICIbased therapy, without the occurrence of adverse reactions and/or cancer relapse. The present review summarizes the landmark studies published to date, which have contributed to uncovering the tight link existing between GM composition, cancer development and the host immune system. Bridging this triangle of interactions may ultimately guide towards the identification of novel biomarkers, as well as integrated and patienttailored anticancer approaches with greater efficacy.
Asunto(s)
Bacterias/inmunología , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/farmacología , Neoplasias/microbiología , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Juglans regia L. (common walnut) is a deciduous tree belonging to Juglandaceae family. Since ancient time, walnut was widely used in traditional medicine for its antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic and liver-protective effects. In this work, the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of walnuts pellicle extract against coagulase-negative staphylococci were evaluated. Qualitative chemical analysis was performed by the thin layer chromatography. UPLC-Ms/Ms was used to identify the chemical composition of J. regia extract. The total flavonoid and phenolic contents were determined by the Aluminium chloride and Folin-Ciocalteu methods, respectively. The extract showed antibacterial activity with MIC ranging from 3.60 to 461.75 µg/ml and MBC ranging from 461.75 to >461.75 µg/ml. Furthermore, it significantly reduced biofilm biomass and cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Biological activities of J. regia extract may be due to its high flavonoid and phenolic contents. The obtained results are promising and they deserve further scientific investigations.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Juglans/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/química , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Cromatografía Liquida , Coagulasa/análisis , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Flavonoides/análisis , Nueces/química , Fenoles/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/química , Plantas Medicinales/química , Staphylococcus/fisiología , Espectrometría de Masas en TándemRESUMEN
Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is considered to be a 'superfood' for its multiple protective actions on human health. Walnut extracts have proven antitumor activity in different cancer cell lines. However, the efficacy of septum extract against glioblastoma has still not been investigated. Glioblastoma is the most difficult type of brain cancer to treat. The standard therapy, based on temozolomide, causes several side effects, including neutropenia and lymphocytopenia, which often favor the onset of opportunistic infections. In the present study, the chemical profile of the Sicilian walnut septum ethanolic extract was analyzed using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC)diode array detection and HPLCelectrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The potential cytostatic activity of the extract against the human A172 glioblastoma cell line was investigated and the results showed that the extract could decrease cancer cell proliferation and migration. Using cytofluorimetric analyses and caspase3 assays, the proapoptotic action of walnut extract was demonstrated. Furthermore, the evaluation of the antibacterial activity highlighted the efficacy of the extract in reducing Grampositive and Gramnegative bacterial growth, most of which were resistant to the antibiotic, ciprofloxacin. Finally, Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances analysis showed the predicted antitumor and antibacterial activity of HPLC detected compounds. The promising results could provide novel perspective in the field of chemotherapeutic coadjuvants.
Asunto(s)
Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Glioblastoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Juglans , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias/crecimiento & desarrollo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Glioblastoma/patología , Humanos , Juglans/química , Polifenoles/análisisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Prostatitis is a recurrent urinary infection in males and is often difficult to cure. The aim of the study was to examine whether anti-inflammatory effects of enhanced drainage of prostatic secretions, obtained through two months treatment with a proteolytic enzyme mucoactive (PEM) compound (Serrazyme and other constituents), influenced qualitative or quantitative expressions of bacterial growth in seminal cultures. METHOD: 450 patients with prostatitis syndromes were randomized either to PEM therapy (intervention group) or to no treatment group. All patients were followed at the end of a 2-month PEM continuous treatment period (T2) and further two months after withdrawal (T4). RESULTS: After treatment, 15 out of 107 (14.1%) patients with Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis (CBP) showed negative seminal cultures, while in patients with cat NIH-IIIA prostatitis seminal cultures became positive in 33.3% cases with low bacteriospermia. After two months from withdrawal, although among CBP patients the total number of isolates and colony forming units (CFU) counts showed not significant changes compared to matched-values observed at T2, microbial parameters varied significantly among inflammatory prostatitis patients. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study showed that 2 months of treatment with PEM, decreasing bacterial adherence and inflammatory prostatitis, reveals a subgroup of apparent inflammation associated with infection that microbial biofilms likely mask in inflammatory prostatitis patients.