Understanding the impact of nitrogen and sulfur precursors on the aroma of dry fermented sausages.

The goal of this study was to confirm and acquire more information about the nitrogen and sulfur compounds existing in the volatile profile of dry fermented sausages from the addition of precursors (proline, ornithine and thiamine), and their role in sausage aroma. To this end, the precursors were added to the formulation of sausages, which were submitted to a fermentation and drying process. The sausage aroma was analyzed by olfactometry technique and Free Choice Profile sensory analysis. The results showed that the addition of precursors impacted the aroma, and reduced the level of oxidation in the final sausages while microbial differences were mainly observed in Orn-sausages. Among the aroma compounds detected only 2-methyl-3-(methylthio)furan verified the effect of thiamine supplementation and the impact on the cured and savoury odours detected in Thia-sausages by Free Choice profile sensory analysis, while no clear effect could be attributed to specific volatile compounds in the nitrogen supplemented sausages.

Aroma enhancement in dry cured loins by the addition of nitrogen and sulfur precursors.

Dry cured loins containing nitrogen (proline and ornithine) and sulfur (thiamine) compounds as precursors of aroma compounds at two concentration levels were manufactured. The effect of precursor addition on the microbiology and chemical parameters of loins was studied together with the aroma study performed by olfactometry and Free Choice Profile sensory analyses. Addition of precursors did not affect the microbial and chemical parameters, while aroma was affected when precursors were added at the highest level. The dry loin aroma profile was mainly composed by compounds 3-methylbutanal, methional, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, 3-methylbutanoic acid, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline and 2-acetylpyrrole that contribute to musty, cooked potatoes, fruity, cheesy, mushroom, roasted and meaty odor notes. Proline and ornithine supplementation modified the loins aroma profile producing toasted odors, while the effect of thiamine supplementation on the aroma was revealed by the presence of sulfur derived compounds (methional and 2-methyl-3-(methylthio)furan) that contribute to the "cured meat odor".

Experiencia cubana en la vigilancia de la seguridad del consumo de productos naturales y acupuntura / Cuban experience in monitoring the safety of the consumption of natural products and acupuncture

La Vigilancia en Salud es una de las fortalezas del Sistema Nacional de Salud Cubano, en el cual los profesionales sanitarios desempeñan una labor fundamental en cada nivel del mismo como ente activo de dicha vigilancia. Tal empeño demanda de una formación académica con un enfoque biopsicosocial, acompañado del desarrollo de un pensamiento salubrista desde el mismo inicio de su formación.

Fatty Acid Profile and Cardiometabolic Markers in Relation with Diet Type and Omega-3 Supplementation in Spanish Vegetarians.

Plant-based diets are becoming increasingly popular, and scientific information concerning the nutritional status in this population is needed. This study determined the fatty acid profile of Spanish lacto-ovo vegetarians (LO-vegetarians) and vegans. Participants were 104 healthy adults, LO-vegetarians (n = 49) and vegans (n = 55). Lifestyle habits and consumption of food and omega-3 supplements were estimated by questionnaires. BMI, blood pressure, and abdominal and body fat were determined. Serum was collected to analyze fatty acids, glucose, lipids, homocysteine, insulin, and leptin. Volunteers were classified according to serum omega-6 to omega-3 (n-6/n-3) ratio into three groups: n-6/n-3 < 10, n-6/n-3 ≥ 10 to 20, and n-6/n-3 > 20. Results showed low cardiovascular risk and high insulin sensitivity with negligible differences between diet types. Linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) was the major serum fatty acid, followed by oleic (C18:1n-9) and palmitic (C16:0) acids. In contrast, serum eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) were (median, interquartile range) 0.27, 0.18% and 1.59, and 0.93%, respectively. Users of n-3 supplements (<10% of total vegetarians) had significantly higher EPA than non-users, while frequent consumption of flax-seeds was associated with increased α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3). However, neither n-3 supplementation nor food consumption affected DHA levels in this vegetarian population.

Farmacovigilancia en el programa de Farmacología de la carrera de Medicina / Pharmacovigilance in the program of Pharmacology of Medicine pre-grade studies

Introducción: la Farmacología como ciencia es muy amplia, y comprende todos los aspectos relacionados con los fármacos o medicamentos. Constituye el sustento científico de la terapéutica que se imparte en todas las asignaturas clínicas. Objetivo: identificar los contenidos de farmacovigilancia en el programa de la asignatura de Farmacología en la carrera de Medicina. Materiales y Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal que constató la presencia de la farmacovigilancia en el programa de Farmacología de la carrera de Medicina. Se aplicó una metodología propuesta para el análisis documental. Resultados: el análisis de los documentos arrojó que en los objetivos educativos de la Farmacología se encuentra: desarrollar una concepción, conducta y actuación que contribuyan a la educación en el uso racional y científico de los medicamentos, en todos los niveles de atención de la salud con énfasis en la primaria. Se incluyen los principales grupos de sustancias tendentes a ocasionar dependencia en el hombre, así como la aplicación de los conocimientos sobre las bases farmacológicas de la dependencia o adicción. Se constató la existencia de ejemplos de plantas medicinales y medicamentos herbarios que pueden producir reacciones adversas o interacciones con medicamentos. Conclusiones: los estudiantes de Medicina deben recibir formación sobre los principios de la prescripción racional antes de participar en la asistencia médica. Incorporar el estudio de la seguridad de los medicamentos desde la óptica del consumo, puede traducirse tanto en términos beneficiosos como perjudiciales, esta última condición se refleja en las reacciones adversas que pueden aparecer siempre que haya exposición a un fármaco (AU).

Introduction: Pharmacology is very wide as a science, and includes all the aspects related with the drugs or medications. It is the scientific support of the therapeutics that is taught in all the clinical subjects. Objective: to identify the pharmacovigilance contents in the program of the subject Pharmacology in the Medicine pre-grade studies. Materials and Methods: descriptive, cross-sectional study stating the presence of pharmacovigilance in the Pharmacology program of the Medicine pre-grade studies. A methodology proposed for the documental analysis was used. Results: the documental analysis showed that among the Pharmacology educative aims are: to develop a conception, behaviour and performance contributing to the training in the rational and scientific use of medications in all the levels of the health care, with emphasis in the primary one. There are included the main groups of substances tending to create dependence in people, and also the application of the knowledge on the pharmacological bases of dependence and addiction. It was stated the existence of medicinal plants and herbal medicines that could produce adverse reactions or interactions with medications. Conclusions: Medicine students should be trained on the principles of rational prescription before participating in medical care. Studying medications security from the point of view of their consumption may have both, beneficial and harmful effect. The last ones reveals in adverse reactions that may appear always when there is exposition to a medication (AU).

Farmacovigilancia en el programa de Farmacología de la carrera de Medicina / Pharmacovigilance in the program of Pharmacology of Medicine pre-grade studies

Introducción: la Farmacología como ciencia es muy amplia, y comprende todos los aspectos relacionados con los fármacos o medicamentos. Constituye el sustento científico de la terapéutica que se imparte en todas las asignaturas clínicas. Objetivo: identificar los contenidos de farmacovigilancia en el programa de la asignatura de Farmacología en la carrera de Medicina. Materiales y Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal que constató la presencia de la farmacovigilancia en el programa de Farmacología de la carrera de Medicina. Se aplicó una metodología propuesta para el análisis documental. Resultados: el análisis de los documentos arrojó que en los objetivos educativos de la Farmacología se encuentra: desarrollar una concepción, conducta y actuación que contribuyan a la educación en el uso racional y científico de los medicamentos, en todos los niveles de atención de la salud con énfasis en la primaria. Se incluyen los principales grupos de sustancias tendentes a ocasionar dependencia en el hombre, así como la aplicación de los conocimientos sobre las bases farmacológicas de la dependencia o adicción. Se constató la existencia de ejemplos de plantas medicinales y medicamentos herbarios que pueden producir reacciones adversas o interacciones con medicamentos. Conclusiones: los estudiantes de Medicina deben recibir formación sobre los principios de la prescripción racional antes de participar en la asistencia médica. Incorporar el estudio de la seguridad de los medicamentos desde la óptica del consumo, puede traducirse tanto en términos beneficiosos como perjudiciales, esta última condición se refleja en las reacciones adversas que pueden aparecer siempre que haya exposición a un fármaco (AU).

Introduction: Pharmacology is very wide as a science, and includes all the aspects related with the drugs or medications. It is the scientific support of the therapeutics that is taught in all the clinical subjects. Objective: to identify the pharmacovigilance contents in the program of the subject Pharmacology in the Medicine pre-grade studies. Materials and Methods: descriptive, cross-sectional study stating the presence of pharmacovigilance in the Pharmacology program of the Medicine pre-grade studies. A methodology proposed for the documental analysis was used. Results: the documental analysis showed that among the Pharmacology educative aims are: to develop a conception, behaviour and performance contributing to the training in the rational and scientific use of medications in all the levels of the health care, with emphasis in the primary one. There are included the main groups of substances tending to create dependence in people, and also the application of the knowledge on the pharmacological bases of dependence and addiction. It was stated the existence of medicinal plants and herbal medicines that could produce adverse reactions or interactions with medications. Conclusions: Medicine students should be trained on the principles of rational prescription before participating in medical care. Studying medications security from the point of view of their consumption may have both, beneficial and harmful effect. The last ones reveals in adverse reactions that may appear always when there is exposition to a medication (AU).

In vitro digestibility of highly concentrated methylcellulose O/W emulsions: rheological and structural changes.

The changes in structure during the digestion of highly concentrated methyl cellulose (MC) O/W emulsions and of hydrated MC were investigated. The effect of human saliva and in vitro stomach digestion was attributed to a dilution effect, rather than to pH or pepsin activity. After in vitro intestine incubation, a decrease in viscoelasticity and an increase in fat globule size were observed. The fat released after the digestion of the MC emulsion was 49.8% of the initial fat, indicating the existence of a big physical impediment. In comparison with an O/W whey protein emulsion with fat content equal to the fat released during the MC emulsion digestion, a 12% reduction in free fatty acid formation was found, which indicates that the decrease in fat bioaccessibility in the MC emulsion should be attributed not only to a physical effect against fat release but also to a further impediment related to the fat digestion process. Fat released quantification informs about the physical retention of fat in the emulsion matrix structure. Enzymes may not act if fat is not released and solubilized. Free fatty acid quantification is the real indicator of fat digestion, but contrary to the total fat released, it is affected by a wide variety of enzymatic factors, which should be considered for the correct comparison of systems of different properties, for example systems where the amount of fat release during the digestion may be different or initially unknown.

Vigilancia de las reacciones adversas por fitofármacos en Cuba en el período 2003-2010 / Vigilance of adverse reactions of herbal medicines in Cuba for the period 2003-2010

Introducción: el aumento en el consumo de productos naturales es debido principalmente a la percepción de que al ser naturales sólo pueden ser beneficiosos y carecen de riesgos para la salud. Objetivo: caracterizar las reacciones adversas asociadas al uso de los fitofármacos que se comercializaron en Cuba en el período 2003-2010. Método: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Se consideró elegible para el estudio a la totalidad de los reportes de sospechas de reacciones adversas a medicamentos producidas por fitofármacos a través, de la Unidad Coordinadora Nacional de Farmacovigilancia durante el período de estudio. Resultados: la mayoría de los reportes de sospechas de reacciones adversas se distribuyeron en el sexo femenino (67,3 por ciento) y en el grupo etáreo de 31-60 años (52,5 por ciento). Predominaron los trastornos gastrointestinales como la epigastralgia (17,9 por ciento) y el vómito (10,5 por ciento). El Allium sativum L (ajo) tintura y jarabe (14,0 por ciento) y el Aloe vera L (sábila) (7,7 por ciento) fueron los fitofármacos más notificados. El órgano más afectado por las reacciones adversas fue el digestivo. La mayoría de éstas fueron clasificadas de leves y probables. Conclusiones: las reacciones adversas, por fitofármacos, reportadas al sistema cubano de farmacovigilancia son en su mayoría leves, se presentan en las mujeres adultas y afectan al sistema digestivo y la piel con mayor frecuencia(AU)

Introduction: increase in the consumption of natural products is largely due to the perception that being natural can only be beneficial and without risk to health. Objective: to characterize the adverse reactions associated with the use of herbal medicines sold in Cuba for the period 2003-2010. Methods: observational, descriptive and transversal study. Was eligible for the study all reports of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) herbal medicines produced by the National Coordinator of Pharmacovigilance Unit during the study period. Results: most of the reports of suspected adverse reactions were distributed in females (67.3 percent) and in the age group of 31-60 years (52.5 percent). Predominant gastrointestinal disorders such as epigastria pain (17.9) and vomiting (10.5). Garlic tincture and syrup (14.0 percent) and Aloe Vera L (7.7) were the most commonly reported herbal medicines. The organ most affected by adverse reactions was the tract. Most of them were classified probable mild. Conclusions: adverse reactions, for herbal medicines, reported the Cuban system of pharmacovigilance are mostly mild, occur in adult women and Digestive and skin more often(AU)

Vigilancia de las reacciones adversas por fitofármacos en Cuba en el período 2003-2010 / Vigilance of adverse reactions of herbal medicines in Cuba for the period 2003-2010

INTRODUCCIÓN: el aumento en el consumo de productos naturales es debido principalmente a la percepción de que al ser "naturales" sólo pueden ser beneficiosos y carecen de riesgos para la salud. OBJETIVO: caracterizar las reacciones adversas asociadas al uso de los fitofármacos que se comercializaron en Cuba en el período 2003-2010. MÉTODO: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Se consideró elegible para el estudio a la totalidad de los reportes de sospechas de reacciones adversas a medicamentos producidas por fitofármacos a través, de la Unidad Coordinadora Nacional de Farmacovigilancia durante el período de estudio. RESULTADOS: la mayoría de los reportes de sospechas de reacciones adversas se distribuyeron en el sexo femenino (67,3 %) y en el grupo etáreo de 31-60 años (52,5 %). Predominaron los trastornos gastrointestinales como la epigastralgia (17,9 %) y el vómito (10,5 %). El Allium sativum L (ajo) tintura y jarabe (14,0 %) y el Aloe vera L (sábila) (7,7 %) fueron los fitofármacos más notificados. El órgano más afectado por las reacciones adversas fue el digestivo. La mayoría de éstas fueron clasificadas de leves y probables. CONCLUSIONES: las reacciones adversas, por fitofármacos, reportadas al sistema cubano de farmacovigilancia son en su mayoría leves, se presentan en las mujeres adultas y afectan al sistema digestivo y la piel con mayor frecuencia.

INTRODUCTION: increase in the consumption of natural products is largely due to the perception that being "natural" can only be beneficial and without risk to health. OBJECTIVE: to characterize the adverse reactions associated with the use of herbal medicines sold in Cuba for the period 2003-2010. METHODS: observational, descriptive and transversal study. Was eligible for the study all reports of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) herbal medicines produced by the National Coordinator of Pharmacovigilance Unit during the study period. RESULTS: most of the reports of suspected adverse reactions were distributed in females (67.3 %) and in the age group of 31-60 years (52.5 %). Predominant gastrointestinal disorders such as epigastria pain (17.9) and vomiting (10.5). Garlic tincture and syrup (14.0 %) and Aloe Vera L (7.7) were the most commonly reported herbal medicines. The organ most affected by adverse reactions was the tract. Most of them were classified probable mild. CONCLUSIONS: adverse reactions, for herbal medicines, reported the Cuban system of pharmacovigilance are mostly mild, occur in adult women and Digestive and skin more often.

Farmacovigilancia de fitofármacos y apifármacos en Cuba durante 2006-2010 / Pharmacovigilance of phytomedicines and apimedicines in Cuba, 2006-2010

Introducción: las plantas y los productos de la colmena han sido una importante fuente de medicinas durante un largo período, pero también pueden provocar reacciones adversas. Objetivo: caracterizar las reacciones adversas asociadas al uso de los fitofármacos y apifármacos que se comercializaron en Cuba en el período 2006-2010. Método: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por la totalidad de los reportes de sospechas de reacciones adversas a medicamentos, producidas por fitofármacos y apifármacos a la Unidad Coordinadora Nacional de Farmacovigilancia, durante el período de estudio. Resultados: la mayoría de los reportes de sospechas de reacciones adversas se distribuyeron en el sexo femenino (73,3 por ciento) y en el grupo etario de 31 a 60 años (52,5 por ciento). El ajo tintura y jarabe (13,4 por ciento), el Vimang® tableta y jarabe (9,7 por ciento), así como el eucalipto jarabe y tintura (6,6 por ciento) resultaron los fitofármacos más notificados, mientras que el propóleos tintura (3,4 por ciento) lo fue dentro de los apifármacos reportados. El sistema digestivo resultó el más afectado por las reacciones adversas, clasificadas mayormente de leves y probables. Conclusiones: la farmacovigilancia realizada a los fitofármacos y apifármacos en el período estudiado guarda relación con lo reportado en la literatura para estos productos(AU)

Introduction: plants and beehive products have been an important source of medicines for a long time, but they may also cause adverse reactions. Objective: characterize the adverse reactions associated with the use of phytomedicines and apimedicines sold in Cuba from 2006 to 2010. Method: a cross-sectional observational descriptive study was conducted. The sample consisted of all the reports on suspected adverse drug reactions caused by phytomedicines and apimedicines submitted to the National Pharmacovigilance Coordinating Unit during the study period. Results: most reports on suspected adverse reactions corresponded to the female sex (73.3 percent) and the 31-60 age group (52.5 percent). The phytomedicines most frequently reported were garlic tincture and syrup (13.4 percent), Vimang™ pills and syrup (9.7 percent), and eucalyptus syrup and tincture (6.6 percent), whereas the most frequently reported apimedicine was propolis tincture (3.4 percent). The digestive system was the most commonly affected by adverse reactions, which were mostly classified as mild or probable. Conclusions: pharmacovigilance of phytomedicines and apimedicines during the study period is consistent with the bibliographic information about the topic(AU)

Farmacovigilancia de fitofármacos y apifármacos en Cuba durante 2006-2010 / Pharmacovigilance of phytomedicines and apimedicines in Cuba, 2006-2010

Introducción: las plantas y los productos de la colmena han sido una importante fuente de medicinas durante un largo período, pero también pueden provocar reacciones adversas. Objetivo: caracterizar las reacciones adversas asociadas al uso de los fitofármacos y apifármacos que se comercializaron en Cuba en el período 2006-2010. Método: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por la totalidad de los reportes de sospechas de reacciones adversas a medicamentos, producidas por fitofármacos y apifármacos a la Unidad Coordinadora Nacional de Farmacovigilancia, durante el período de estudio. Resultados: la mayoría de los reportes de sospechas de reacciones adversas se distribuyeron en el sexo femenino (73,3 por ciento) y en el grupo etario de 31 a 60 años (52,5 por ciento). El ajo tintura y jarabe (13,4 por ciento), el Vimang® tableta y jarabe (9,7 por ciento), así como el eucalipto jarabe y tintura (6,6 por ciento) resultaron los fitofármacos más notificados, mientras que el propóleos tintura (3,4 por ciento) lo fue dentro de los apifármacos reportados. El sistema digestivo resultó el más afectado por las reacciones adversas, clasificadas mayormente de leves y probables. Conclusiones: la farmacovigilancia realizada a los fitofármacos y apifármacos en el período estudiado guarda relación con lo reportado en la literatura para estos productos

Introduction: plants and beehive products have been an important source of medicines for a long time, but they may also cause adverse reactions. Objective: characterize the adverse reactions associated with the use of phytomedicines and apimedicines sold in Cuba from 2006 to 2010. Method: a cross-sectional observational descriptive study was conducted. The sample consisted of all the reports on suspected adverse drug reactions caused by phytomedicines and apimedicines submitted to the National Pharmacovigilance Coordinating Unit during the study period. Results: most reports on suspected adverse reactions corresponded to the female sex (73.3 percent) and the 31-60 age group (52.5 percent). The phytomedicines most frequently reported were garlic tincture and syrup (13.4 percent), Vimang™ pills and syrup (9.7 percent), and eucalyptus syrup and tincture (6.6 percent), whereas the most frequently reported apimedicine was propolis tincture (3.4 percent). The digestive system was the most commonly affected by adverse reactions, which were mostly classified as mild or probable. Conclusions: pharmacovigilance of phytomedicines and apimedicines during the study period is consistent with the bibliographic information about the topic

Antimicrobial activity and composition profile of grape (Vitis vinifera) pomace extracts obtained by supercritical fluids.

The possibility of increasing the aggregated value of the huge amount of residues generated by wineries around the world foment studies using the grape pomace - the residue from the wine production, composed by seed, skin and stems - to obtain functional ingredients. Nowadays, consumers in general prefer natural and safe products mainly for food and cosmetic fields, where the supercritical fluid extraction is of great importance due to the purity of the extracts provided. Therefore, the objective of this work is to evaluate the global extraction yield, the antimicrobial activity and the composition profile of Merlot and Syrah grape pomace extracts obtained by supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) and CO2 added with co-solvent at pressures up to 300 bar and temperatures of 50 and 60 °C. The results were compared with the ones obtained by Soxhlet and by ultrasound-assisted leaching extraction methods. The main components from the extracts, identified by HPLC, were gallic acid, p-OH-benzoic acid, vanillic acid and epicatechin. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the extracts were evaluated using four strains of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and three fungi strains (Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei). Despite lower extraction yield results, the supercritical fluid extracts presented the highest antimicrobial effectiveness compared to the other grape pomace extracts due to the presence of antimicrobial active compounds. Syrah extracts were less efficient against the microorganisms tested and Merlot extracts were more active against Gram-positive bacteria.

Reacciones adversas reportadas por consumo de productos naturales en Cuba durante / Adverse reactions reported by consumption of natural products in Cuba during 2003 and 2007

Los productos medicinales naturales se pueden utilizar para numerosos problemas de salud. Objetivos: detectar las reacciones adversas asociadas al uso de la medicina natural y clasificar estas reacciones aplicando relación de causalidad y gravedad...(AU)

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Cordia verbenacea extracts obtained by different methods.

The present study describes the chemical composition and the antibacterial activity of extracts from Cordia verbenacea DC (Borraginaceae), a traditional medicinal plant that grows widely along the southeastern coast of Brazil. The extracts were obtained using different extraction techniques: high-pressure operations and low-pressure methods. The high-pressure technique was applied to obtain C. verbenacea extracts using pure CO(2) and CO(2) with co-solvent at pressures up to 30MPa and temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 degrees C. Organic solvents such as n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, acetone and dichloromethane were used to obtain extracts by low-pressure processes. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was also subjected to screening against four strains of bacteria using the agar dilution method. The extraction yields were up to 5.0% w/w and up to 8.6% w/w for supercritical fluid extraction with pure CO(2) and with ethyl acetate as co-solvent, respectively, while the low-pressure extraction indicates yields up to 24.0% w/w in the soxhlet extraction using water and aqueous mixture with 50% ethanol as solvents. The inhibitory activity of the extracts in gram-positive bacteria was significantly higher than in gram-negative. The quantification and the identification of the extracts recovered were accomplished using GC/MS analysis. The most important components identified in the extract were artemetin, beta-sitosterol, alpha-humulene and beta-caryophyllene, among others.

Reacciones adversas reportadas por consumo de productos naturales en Cuba durante 2003 y 2007 / Adverse reactions reported by consumption of natural products in Cuba during 2003 and 2007

INTRODUCCIÓN: los productos medicinales naturales se pueden utilizar para numerosos problemas de salud. OBJETIVOS: detectar las reacciones adversas asociadas al uso de la medicina natural y clasificar estas reacciones aplicando relación de causalidad y gravedad. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, observacional, longitudinal. Se consideró como elegible para el estudio, el universo conformado por el conjunto de los reportes de posibles reacciones adversas por productos naturales que se utilizaron durante 2003 y 2007. RESULTADOS: se observó un predominio en la frecuencia de aparición de las reacciones adversas a medicamentos en el sexo femenino, los productos más frecuentes fueron ajo (Allium sativum L.), orégano (Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.), propóleos y fangos medicinales. CONCLUSIONES: las reacciones adversas leves fueron las mßs frecuentes y se clasificaron como probables y ocurrieron en mayor proporción en mujeres(AU)

INTRODUCTION: natural medicinal products may be used for many health problems. OBJECTIVES: To detect adverse reactions associated with use of natural medicine and to classify these reactions applying the causality and severity relation. METHODS: We performed a longitudinal, observational, retrospective and descriptive study. Authors considered as eligible for study the universe conformed by group of reports of possible adverse reactions by natural products during 2003 and 2007. RESULTS: in the appearance frequency of adverse reactions to drugs in female sex, the more frequent products were: garlic (Allium sativum L), oregano (Plectranthus amboinicus [Lour] Spreng.), propolis, and medicinal muds. CONCLUSIONS: minor adverse reactions were the more frequent ones, and they were classified as probable, and occurred in a higher ratio in women(AU)

Reacciones adversas reportadas por consumo de productos naturales en Cuba durante 2003 y 2007 / Adverse reactions reported by consumption of natural products in Cuba during 2003 and 2007

INTRODUCCIÓN: los productos medicinales naturales se pueden utilizar para numerosos problemas de salud. OBJETIVOS: detectar las reacciones adversas asociadas al uso de la medicina natural y clasificar estas reacciones aplicando relación de causalidad y gravedad. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, observacional, longitudinal. Se consideró como elegible para el estudio, el universo conformado por el conjunto de los reportes de posibles reacciones adversas por productos naturales que se utilizaron durante 2003 y 2007. RESULTADOS: se observó un predominio en la frecuencia de aparición de las reacciones adversas a medicamentos en el sexo femenino, los productos más frecuentes fueron ajo (Allium sativum L.), orégano (Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.), propóleos y fangos medicinales. CONCLUSIONES: las reacciones adversas leves fueron las más frecuentes y se clasificaron como probables y ocurrieron en mayor proporción en mujeres.

INTRODUCTION: natural medicinal products may be used for many health problems. OBJECTIVES: To detect adverse reactions associated with use of natural medicine and to classify these reactions applying the causality and severity relation. METHODS: We performed a longitudinal, observational, retrospective and descriptive study. Authors considered as eligible for study the universe conformed by group of reports of possible adverse reactions by natural products during 2003 and 2007. RESULTS: in the appearance frequency of adverse reactions to drugs in female sex, the more frequent products were: garlic (Allium sativum L), oregano (Plectranthus amboinicus [Lour] Spreng.), propolis, and medicinal muds. CONCLUSIONS: minor adverse reactions were the more frequent ones, and they were classified as probable, and occurred in a higher ratio in women.

Effect of soybean phospholipids on canthaxanthin lipoproteins transport, digestibility, and deposition in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) muscle.

This study was designed to assess the effect of dietary soybean phospholipids on canthaxanthin transport by serum lipoproteins and canthaxanthin muscle deposition in trout. Three groups of 12 immature trout in triplicate with a mean body weight of 130 g were fed with three experimental diets containing (1) canthaxanthin plus lecithin plus fish oil, (2) canthaxanthin plus lecithin, and (3) canthaxanthin alone, for 12 days. The two major lipoprotein classes in rainbow trout are high-density lipoproteins, which transport principally carotenoids present in the serum, and low-density lipoproteins, which are responsible for the transport of cholesterol, both independently of the administered diet. In addition, very low density lipoproteins are responsible for triglyceride transport in serum. Nevertheless, the amount of canthaxanthin in the serum increased when carotenoid was associated with phospholipids plus fish oil. When canthaxanthin is transported by lecithin plus fish oil, the amount of phospholipids, cantaxanthin, and cholesterol deposited in muscle increased but not significantly. The highest apparent canthaxanthin digestibility coefficient was obtained when canthaxanthin was carried by lecithin plus fish oil. The administration of canthaxanthin carried by phospholipids improved its accumulation in the muscle of rainbow trout. This accumulation could be enhanced if the time of administration of canthaxanthin is increased.