Efeitos do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade e do treinamento combinado associado à terapia de fotobiomodulação em pacientes diabéticos do tipo 2 (DT2): protocolo para um estudo controlado randomizado / Effects of high-intensity interval training and combined training associated with photobiomodulation therapy in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients: a protocol for a randomized controlled trial

INTRODUÇÃO: O diabetes tipo 2 (DT2) pode ser responsável por disfunção cardiometabólica e redução da qualidade de vida (QV) devido ao seu impacto negativo na capacidade funcional de exercício. OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos de diferentes tipos de treinamento físico [treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (TIAI) e treinamento combinado (TC)] associado à terapia com diodo emissor de luz (LED) no status cardiometabólico, capacidade funcional e QV em pacientes com DT2. MÉTODOS: Estudo controlado randomizado que será realizado em laboratório universitário de reabilitação cardiopulmonar com pessoas da comunidade com diagnóstico confirmado de DT2, idade ≥ 18 anos e sedentários nos últimos seis meses. Os participantes serão alocados aleatoriamente para um dos seis grupos: TIAI com e sem terapia LED, TC com e sem terapia LED, grupo controle com e sem terapia LED. O protocolo de treinamento deve ser realizado por 12 semanas, 3 vezes na semana em dias alternados, totalizando 36 sessões de treinamento. O desfecho primário será a capacidade de exercício e o controle glicêmico. Os desfechos secundários serão QV, função endotelial, função musculoesquelética, modulação autonômica cardíaca e composição corporal. Os resultados serão medidos antes e após 12 semanas de treinamento. Para análise estatística será utilizado o programa SPSS® 19.0. O nível de significância adotado será p<0,05. PERSPECTIVAS: Os resultados deste estudo têm o potencial de fornecer informações importantes sobre os efeitos de diferentes tipos de treinamento físico associados à terapia com LED e podem apoiar o uso dessa combinação terapêutica em pacientes com DT2, melhorando sua saúde geral.

INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) can be responsible for significant cardiometabolic dysfunction and reduction in quality of life (QOL) due to its negative impact on functional exercise capacity. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of different modes of physical training (high-intensity interval training [HIIT] and combined training [CT]) associated with light-emitting diode (LED) therapy on the cardiometabolic status, functional capacity, and quality of life (QOL) in T2D patients. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial will be conducted in a university cardiopulmonary rehabilitation laboratory; the participants will be community-dwelling people with a confirmed diagnosis of T2D, aged ≥ 18 years, and with a sedentary lifestyle in the last six months. They will be randomly allocated to one of six groups: TIAI with and without LED therapy, CT with and without LED therapy, and a control group with and without LED therapy. The training protocol will be performed for 12 weeks, three times a week on alternate days, with a total of 36 training sessions. The primary outcomes will be functional exercise capacity and glycemic control. The secondary outcomes will be QOL, endothelial function, musculoskeletal function, autonomic nervous system modulation, and body composition. The outcomes will be measured before and after 12 weeks of training. SPSS® 19.0 software will be used for statistical analysis. The significance level is set at P <0.05. PERSPECTIVES: The findings of this trial have the potential to provide important insights into the effects of different modes of physical training associated with LED therapy and may support the use of this therapy combination in T2D patients, which may improve their general health.

Biofeedback for pelvic floor muscle training in women with stress urinary incontinence: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Several clinical effects have been attributed to the use of biofeedback (BF) as an adjuvant in the treatment of women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). OBJECTIVES: To determine whether BF is more effective than other interventions for women with SUI in terms of quantification of urine leakage, episodes of urinary loss, quality of life and muscle strength. DATA SOURCES: Science Direct, Embase, MEDLINE, Pedro, SciELO, CINAHL and LILACS from January 2000 to February 2017. STUDY SELECTION: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) addressing the effects of pelvic muscle floor training (PFMT) with BF for the conservative treatment of women with SUI. DATA EXTRACTION AND DATA SYNTHESIS: Two independent assessors extracted data from articles. The risk of bias for individual studies was assessed using the Jadad scale and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated and combined in meta-analyses. RESULTS: In total, 1194 studies were retrieved and 11 were included in this review. Only two RCTs demonstrated a low risk of bias according to the PEDro scale. The results demonstrated that PFMT with BF was no better than alternative interventions in terms of muscle strength measured using a perineometer. LIMITATIONS: Low methodological quality of studies, heterogeneity of outcomes, and differences in implementation of intervention protocols and BF modalities. CONCLUSIONS: PFMT with BF does not offer therapeutic benefits over alternative interventions (no training, PFMT alone and vaginal electrical stimulation) for the treatment of female SUI. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO: CRD42017060780.

Home-based pulmonary rehabilitation improves clinical features and systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory disease characterized by chronic airflow limitation that leads beyond the pulmonary changes to important systemic effects. COPD is characterized by pulmonary and systemic inflammation. However, increases in the levels of inflammatory cytokines in plasma are found even when the disease is stable. Pulmonary rehabilitation improves physical exercise capacity and quality of life and decreases dyspnea. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a home-based pulmonary rehabilitation (HBPR) program improves exercise tolerance in COPD patients, as well as health-related quality of life and systemic inflammation. This prospective study was conducted at the Laboratory of Functional Respiratory Evaluation, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil. After anamnesis, patients were subjected to evaluations of health-related quality of life and dyspnea, spirometry, respiratory muscle strength, upper limbs incremental test, incremental shuttle walk test, and blood test for quantification of systemic inflammatory markers (interleukin [IL]-6 and IL-8). At the end of the evaluations, patients received a booklet containing the physical exercises to be performed at home, three times per week for 8 consecutive weeks. Around 25 patients were enrolled, and 14 completed the pre- and post-HBPR ratings. There was a significant increase in the walked distance and the maximal inspiratory pressure, improvements on two components from the health-related quality-of-life questionnaire, and a decrease in plasma IL-8 levels after the intervention. The HBPR is an important and viable alternative to pulmonary rehabilitation for the treatment of patients with COPD; it improves exercise tolerance, inspiratory muscle strength, quality of life, and systemic inflammation in COPD patients.

Home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a multidisciplinary program of care for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with the goal of improving the functional capacity and quality of life, as well as maintaining the clinical stability of COPD sufferers. However, not all patients are available for such a program despite discomfort with their condition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a home-based PR (HBPR) program on functional ability, quality of life, and respiratory muscle strength and endurance. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with COPD according to the Global Initiative of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease were randomized (double-blind) into two groups. One group performed a protocol at home with aerobic and muscle strength exercises and was called the intervention group; the other group received only instructions to perform breathing and stretching exercises, characterizing it as the control group (CG). We assessed the following variables at baseline and 2 months: exercise tolerance (incremental shuttle walk test and upper limb test), respiratory muscle (strength and endurance test), and health-related quality of life (Airways Questionnaire 20). RESULTS: There were no significant changes after the intervention in either of the two groups in exercise tolerance and quality of life. However, the intervention group had improved respiratory endurance compared with the CG, while the CG presented a decrease in the load sustained by the respiratory muscles after the HBPR. CONCLUSION: A program of HBPR with biweekly supervision (although not enough to provide significant improvements in physical capacity or quality of life) played an important role in maintaining the stability of the clinical features of patients with COPD; the patients had no worsening of symptoms during the intervention period according to the daily log.

Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with gait and mobility training on functionality in children with cerebral palsy: study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The project proposes three innovative intervention techniques (treadmill training, mobility training with virtual reality and transcranial direct current stimulation that can be safely administered to children with cerebral palsy. The combination of transcranial stimulation and physical therapy resources will provide the training of a specific task with multiple rhythmic repetitions of the phases of the gait cycle, providing rich sensory stimuli with a modified excitability threshold of the primary motor cortex to enhance local synaptic efficacy and potentiate motor learning. METHODS/DESIGN: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled, analytical, clinical trial will be carried out.Eligible participants will be children with cerebral palsy classified on levels I, II and III of the Gross Motor Function Classification System between four and ten years of age. The participants will be randomly allocated to four groups: 1) gait training on a treadmill with placebo transcranial stimulation; 2) gait training on a treadmill with active transcranial stimulation; 3) mobility training with virtual reality and placebo transcranial stimulation; 4) mobility training with virtual reality and active transcranial stimulation. Transcranial direct current stimulation will be applied with the anodal electrode positioned in the region of the dominant hemisphere over C3, corresponding to the primary motor cortex, and the cathode positioned in the supraorbital region contralateral to the anode. A 1 mA current will be applied for 20 minutes. Treadmill training and mobility training with virtual reality will be performed in 30-minute sessions five times a week for two weeks (total of 10 sessions). Evaluations will be performed on four occasions: one week prior to the intervention; one week following the intervention; one month after the end of the intervention;and 3 months after the end of the intervention. The evaluations will involve three-dimensional gait analysis, analysis of cortex excitability (motor threshold and motor evoked potential), Six-Minute Walk Test, Timed Up-and-Go Test, Pediatric Evaluation Disability Inventory, Gross Motor Function Measure, Berg Balance Scale, stabilometry, maximum respiratory pressure and an effort test. DISCUSSION: This paper offers a detailed description of a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled, analytical, clinical trial aimed at demonstrating the effect combining transcranial stimulation with treadmill and mobility training on functionality and primary cortex excitability in children with Cerebral Palsy classified on Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I, II and III. The results will be published and will contribute to evidence regarding the use of treadmill training on this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ReBEC RBR-9B5DH7.

Estimulação diafragmática elétrica transcutânea (EDET) para fortalecimento muscular respiratório: estudo clínico controlado e randomizado / Transcutaneous electrical diaphragmatic stimulation (TEDS) for the respiratory muscle strengthening: randomized and controlled clinical study

O objetivo do estudo foi demonstrar o efeito de dois protocolos da estimulação diafragmática elétrica transcutânea (EDET) sobre a força muscular respiratória de mulheres saudáveis, sendo um protocolo segundo Geddes et al. (1988) e outro padronizado pelo equipamento Phrenics. Mulheres saudáveis foram divididas em 3 grupos: Controle (n=7); EDET com Phrenics (n=7) e EDET com Dualpex (n=7), sendo o tratamento realizado 2 vezes por semana, durante 6 semanas (12 sessões). Foram avaliadas a pressão inspiratória máxima (PImáx) e pressão expiratória máxima (PEmáx), antes e após o tratamento. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo teste Shapiro-Wilk e Kruskal Wallis com pós-hoc de Dunn (p<0,05). Os dois grupos experimentais apresentaram aumento na PImáx (Phrenics: 32,9%; Dualpex: 63,2%) e na PEmáx (Phrenics: 44,7%; Dualpex: 60,9%), diferentemente do Controle que não apresentou diferença. Em conclusão, os dois protocolos de EDET promoveram aumento da força muscular inspiratória e expiratória em mulheres saudáveis.

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effect of two protocols of transcutaneous electrical diaphragmatic stimulation (TEDS) on the respiratory muscle strength of healthy women, with one protocol according to Geddes et al. (1988) and other protocol standardized by Phrenics equipment. Healthy women were divided in 3 groups: Control (n=7); TEDS with Phrenics (n=7) and TEDS with Dualpex (n=7). The treatment was made twice a week, during 6 weeks (12 sessions). Respiratory muscle strength was evaluated by maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) before and after the treatment. The statistical analysis was made by the Shapiro-Wilk and the Kruskal Wallis test with Dunn's post-hoc test (p<0.05). Both TEDS protocols promoted increase in MIP (Phrenics: 32.9%; Dualpex: 63.2%) and in MEP (Phrenics: 44.7%; Dualpex: 60.9%), differently of the Control that didn't show difference. In conclusion, the two TEDS' protocols promoted increase of inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength in healthy women.

Effect of low-level laser therapy on pain, quality of life and sleep in patients with fibromyalgia: study protocol for a double-blinded randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been widely used as adjuvant strategy for treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. The light-tissue interaction (photobiostimulation) promotes analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and improves tissue healing, which could justify the recommendation of this therapy for patients with fibromyalgia, leading to an improvement in pain and possibly minimizing social impact related to this disease. The present study proposes to evaluate the effect of LLLT on tender points in patients with fibromyalgia, correlating this outcome with quality of life and sleep. METHODS/DESIGN: One hundred and twenty patients with fibromyalgia will be treated at the Integrated Health Center and the Sleep Laboratory of the Post Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences of the Nove de Julho University located in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. After fulfilling the eligibility criteria, a clinical evaluation and assessments of pain and sleep quality will be carried out and self-administered quality of life questionnaires will be applied. The 120 volunteers will be randomly allocated to an intervention group (LLLT, n = 60) or control group (CLLLT, n = 60). Patients from both groups will be treated three times per week for four weeks, totaling twelve sessions. However, only the LLLT group will receive an energy dose of 6 J per tender point. A standardized 50-minute exercise program will be performed after the laser application. The patients will be evaluated regarding the primary outcome (pain) using the following instruments: visual analog scale, McGill Pain Questionnaire and pressure algometry. The secondary outcome (quality of life and sleep) will be assessed with the following instruments: Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, Berlin Questionnaire, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and polysomnography. ANOVA test with repeated measurements for the time factor will be performed to test between-groups differences (followed by the Tukey-Kramer post hoc test), and a paired t test will be performed to test within-group differences. The level of significance for the statistical analysis will be set at 5% (P ≤ .05). TRIAL REGISTRATION: The protocol for this study is registered with the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials - ReBEC (RBR-42gkzt).

Efeitos da suplementação oral de L-carnitina associada ao treinamento físico na tolerância ao exercício de pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica / Influence of oral L-carnitine supplementation combined with physical training on exercise tolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

INTRODUÇAO: Pacientes portadores de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica apresentam redução da tolerância ao exercício físico, principalmente devido à limitação ventilatória. A L-carnitina tem sido utilizada com o objetivo de melhorar a capacidade aeróbia de pacientes com doenças crônicas, porém não existem estudos em pacientes portadores de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da suplementação de L-carnitina, associada ao treinamento físico por seis semanas, três vezes por semana em pacientes portadores de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. MÉTODO: A amostra foi constituída de 30 pacientes portadores de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (69 ± 7 anos) com volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo < 65 por cento do previsto, dividida em três grupos de 10 pacientes: grupo 1 com treinamento físico e suplementação com 2g/dia de L-carnitina, grupo 2 que recebeu treinamento físico e placebo e grupo 3 que não foi submetido a treinamento físico e recebeu 2g/dia de L-carnitina. Os pacientes foram submetidos a avaliação espirométrica, a teste de caminhada de seis minutos e à mensuração dos níveis plasmáticos de carnitina livre no inicio e no final do estudo. RESULTADOS: Foi constatado aumento significativo (p < 0,05) da distância percorrida no teste de caminhada de seis minutos somente nos pacientes dos dois primeiros grupos (de 421 ± 100 para 508 ± 80,7 e de 496 ± 78,7 para 526 ± 64,3 respectivamente). Além disso, com intensidade de exercício semelhante, a subida da freqüência cardíaca foi menor no grupo 1 quando comparado com o grupo 2. As variáveis espirométricas, a saturação da oxihemoglobina e a dispnéia não se alteraram em nenhum dos grupos estudados. Os valores de L-carnitina livre no plasma aumentaram somente nos pacientes do terceiro grupo (59,2 ± 13,8 para 102,3 ± 15,32mmol/L). CONCLUSAO: A L-carnitina associada ao treinamento físico pode proporcionar maior tolerância ao exercício em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica.

[Evaluation of respiratory muscle strength and thoracic and abdominal amplitudes after a functional reeducation of breathing program for obese individuals]. / Avaliação da força muscular respiratória e amplitudes torácicas e abdominais após a rfr em indivíduos obesos.

The purpose of this study was to assess the elements of respiratory mechanics in obese individuals with respect to respiratory muscle strength determined by maximum respiratory pressure (PImax and PEmax) and the amplitude of thoracoabdominal movements at the levels: axillary (AAX), xiphoid (AXf) and abdominal (AAb). Twenty nine patients (43 +/- 13 years) were divided in two groups: Experimental group (E) and Control group (C). All patients were submitted to an initial evaluation and determination of PImax, PEmax, AAx, AXiph and AAb. The E group was submitted to 18 sessions of a Functional Reeducation of Breathing Program that consisted of respiratory orientation, respiratory coordination exercise associated to trunk and limb movements and muscle relaxation two times a week during 9 weeks. Student t-test showed a significant increase in PImax, Axif and Aabd in the experimental group, but when authors compared the two groups, they did not find any statistical difference. The results showed that the Program increased the respiratory muscle strength and the amplitude of abdominal movements in obese patients.