Bioactivity reinforced surface patch bound collagen-pectin hydrogel.

In this report, we discuss the design of a novel collagen/pectin (CP) hybrid composite hydrogel (CPBG) containing in-situ mineralized bioactive glass (BG) particles to simulate an integrative 3D cell environment. Systematic analysis of the CP sol revealed collagen and pectin molecules interacted regardless of both possessing similar net negative charge through the mechanism of surface patch binding interaction. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed this associative interaction which resulted in the formation of a hybrid crosslinked network with the BG nanoparticles acting as pseudo crosslink junctions. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDAX) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) results confirmed uniform mineralization of BG particles, and their synergetic interaction with the network. The in-vitro bioactivity tests on CPBG indicated the formation of bone-like hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) microcrystals on its surface after interaction with simulated body fluid. This hydrogel was loaded with a model antifungal drug amphotericin-B (AmB) and tested against Candida albicans. The AmB release kinetics from the hydrogel followed the Fickian mechanism and showed direct proportionality to gel swelling behavior. Rheological analysis revealed the viscoelastic compatibility of CPBG for the mechanical load bearing applications. Cell viability tests indicated appreciable compatibility of the hydrogel against U2OS and HaCaT cell lines. FDA/PI on the hydrogel portrayed preferential U2OS cell adhesion on hydrophobic hydroxyapatite layer compared to hydrophilic surfaces, thereby promising the regeneration of both soft and hard tissues.

Bioleaching of spent refinery processing catalyst using Aspergillus niger with high-yield oxalic acid.

A spent refinery processing catalyst was physically and chemically characterized, and subjected to one-step and two-step bioleaching processes using Aspergillus niger. During bioleaching of the spent catalysts of various particle sizes ("as received", 100-150 microm, <37 microm, and x =2.97 (average) microm) and pulp densities, the biomass dry weight and pH were determined. The corresponding leach liquor was analysed for excreted organic acids along with heavy metal values extracted from the catalyst. Chemical characterization of the spent catalyst confirmed the presence of heavy metal including Al (33.3%), Ni (6.09%) and Mo (13.72%). In general, the presence of the spent catalyst caused a decrease in the biomass yield and an increase in oxalic acid secretion by A. niger. The increase in oxalic acid secretion with a decrease in the catalyst particle size (up to <37 microm) led to corresponding increase in the extraction of metal values. The highest extraction of metal values from the spent catalyst (at 1% w/v pulp density and particle size <37 microm) were found to be 54.5% Al, 58.2% Ni and 82.3% Mo in 60 days of bioleaching. Oxalic acid secretion by A. niger in the presence of the spent catalyst was stimulated using 2-[N-Morpholino]ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer (pH 6), which resulted in comparable metal extraction (58% Al, 62.8% Ni and 78.9% Mo) in half the time required by the fungus in the absence of the buffer. Spent medium of A. niger grown in the absence and in the presence of MES buffer were found to leach almost similar amounts of Al and Ni, except Mo for which the spent medium of buffered culture was significantly more effective than the non-buffered culture. Overall, this study shows the possible use of bioleaching for the extraction of metal resources from spent catalysts. It also demonstrated the advantages of buffer-stimulated excretion of organic acids by A. niger in bioleaching of the spent catalyst.