RESUMEN
Cytochrome c oxidase (COX), complex IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, is comprised of 14 structural subunits, several prosthetic groups and metal cofactors, among which copper. Its biosynthesis involves a number of ancillary proteins, encoded by the COX-assembly genes that are required for the stabilization and membrane insertion of the nascent polypeptides, the synthesis of the prosthetic groups, and the delivery of the metal cofactors, in particular of copper. Recently, a modular model for COX assembly has been proposed, based on the sequential incorporation of different assembly modules formed by specific subunits. We have cloned and characterized the human homologue of yeast COX16. We show that human COX16 encodes a small mitochondrial transmembrane protein that faces the intermembrane space and is highly expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Its knockdown in C. elegans produces COX deficiency, and its ablation in HEK293 cells impairs COX assembly. Interestingly, COX16 knockout cells retain significant COX activity, suggesting that the function of COX16 is partially redundant. Analysis of steady-state levels of COX subunits and of assembly intermediates by Blue-Native gels shows a pattern similar to that reported in cells lacking COX18, suggesting that COX16 is required for the formation of the COX2 subassembly module. Moreover, COX16 co-immunoprecipitates with COX2. Finally, we found that copper supplementation increases COX activity and restores normal steady state levels of COX subunits in COX16 knockout cells, indicating that, even in the absence of a canonical copper binding motif, COX16 could be involved in copper delivery to COX2.
Asunto(s)
Caenorhabditis elegans/enzimología , Coenzimas/metabolismo , Cobre/metabolismo , Complejo IV de Transporte de Electrones/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas Mitocondriales/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Animales , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Cationes Bivalentes , Clonación Molecular , Transporte de Electrón/fisiología , Complejo IV de Transporte de Electrones/genética , Expresión Génica , Técnicas de Inactivación de Genes , Vectores Genéticos/química , Vectores Genéticos/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Transporte Iónico , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas Mitocondriales/genética , Músculo Esquelético/enzimología , Miocardio/enzimología , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Subunidades de Proteína/genética , Subunidades de Proteína/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: COQ4 encodes a protein that organises the multienzyme complex for the synthesis of coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)). A 3.9 Mb deletion of chromosome 9q34.13 was identified in a 3-year-old boy with mental retardation, encephalomyopathy and dysmorphic features. Because the deletion encompassed COQ4, the patient was screened for CoQ(10) deficiency. METHODS: A complete molecular and biochemical characterisation of the patient's fibroblasts and of a yeast model were performed. RESULTS: The study found reduced COQ4 expression (48% of controls), CoQ(10) content and biosynthetic rate (44% and 43% of controls), and activities of respiratory chain complex II+III. Cells displayed a growth defect that was corrected by the addition of CoQ(10) to the culture medium. Knockdown of COQ4 in HeLa cells also resulted in a reduction of CoQ(10.) Diploid yeast haploinsufficient for COQ4 displayed similar CoQ deficiency. Haploinsufficency of other genes involved in CoQ(10) biosynthesis does not cause CoQ deficiency, underscoring the critical role of COQ4. Oral CoQ(10) supplementation resulted in a significant improvement of neuromuscular symptoms, which reappeared after supplementation was temporarily discontinued. CONCLUSION: Mutations of COQ4 should be searched for in patients with CoQ(10) deficiency and encephalomyopathy; patients with genomic rearrangements involving COQ4 should be screened for CoQ(10) deficiency, as they could benefit from supplementation.