Reliability of knee extensor neuromuscular structure and function and functional tests' performance.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the intra and inter-rater and inter-analyzer reliability of neuromuscular variables and functional tests. METHODS: Cross-sectional crossover design. Two independent raters and analyzers evaluated twenty-two healthy subjects. Knee-extensor strength was assessed from three maximal voluntary isometric contractions. Muscle activation was obtained from the vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), and vastus medialis (VM) muscles. VL and RF muscles' architecture [fascicle length (FL), pennation angle (PA), muscle thickness (MT)] was obtained at rest by ultrasound. The time from five sit-to-stand (STS) trials, and the distance from the 6-min walk test (6MWT) were obtained. Intraclass correlation coefficient was determined and classified as strong (r = 0.75-1.00), moderate (r = 0.40-0.74), and weak (r < 0.40). RESULTS: Strong intra-rater reliability values were observed for strength (r = 0.97), muscle activation [VL (r = 0.91); RF (r = 0.92); VM (r = 0.80)], VL [FL (r = 0.90); PA (r = 0.94); MT (r = 0.99)] and RF [MT (r = 0.85)] muscle architecture, STS (r = 0.95), and 6MWT (r = 0.98). Inter-rater reliability also presented strong values for strength (r = 0.97), muscle activation [VL (r = 0.94); RF (r = 0.79); VM (r = 0.78)], muscle architecture VL [PA (r = 0.81) and MT (r = 0.88)] and RF [MT (r = 0.80)], STS (r = 0.93), and 6MWT (r = 0.98). A moderate correlation VL muscle architecture [FL (r = 0.69)]. Inter-analyzer muscle architecture reliability presented strong VL [FL (r = 0.77); PA (r = 0.76); MT (r = 0.91)] and RF [MT (r = 0.99)]. CONCLUSION: The high intra and inter-rater and inter-analyzer reliability values for most variables is evidence that they can be used for clinical evaluation. Muscle architecture might need a longer training period by different raters and analyzers to increase reliability.

Inspiratory Muscle Training in Patients With Heart Failure: What Is New? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The benefits of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) have already been demonstrated in patients with heart failure (HF), but the best mode of training and which patients benefit from this intervention are not clear. The purpose of this study was to review the effects of IMT on respiratory muscle strength, functional capacity, pulmonary function, quality of life, and dyspnea in patients with HF; IMT isolated or combined with another intervention (combined IMT), the presence of inspiratory muscle weakness, training load, and intervention time were considered. METHODS: The search included the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, and LILACS database through September 2019. The review included randomized studies that assessed IMT in isolation or combined with another intervention-in comparison with a control group, a placebo, or another intervention-in patients with HF. Fourteen studies were included, 13 for meta-analysis (10 for isolated IMT and 3 for combined IMT). RESULTS: Isolated IMT demonstrated an increase in maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) (25.12 cm H2O; 95% CI = 15.29 - 34.95), 6-Minute Walk Test (81.18 m; 95% CI = 9.73 - 152.63), maximum oxygen consumption (12 weeks: 3.75 mL/kg/min; 95% CI = 2.98 to 4.51), and quality of life (-20.68; 95% CI = -29.03 to -12.32). The presence of inspiratory muscle weakness, higher loads, and longer intervention times resulted in greater increases in MIP. IMT combined with another intervention demonstrated an increase only in MIP. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated IMT resulted in an increase in inspiratory muscle strength, functional capacity, and quality of life. IMT combined with another intervention resulted only in a small increase in inspiratory strength. Isolated IMT with higher loads can be considered an adjuvant intervention, especially for those who do not adhere to conventional rehabilitation and who have respiratory muscle weakness. IMPACT: A systematic review was necessary to review the effects of IMT on respiratory muscle strength, lung function, functional capacity, quality of life, and dyspnea in patients with HF. Various clinical issues important for a better training prescription were considered; these included whether the performance of the training IMT as a form of isolated training benefits patients with HF, whether the combination of IMT with another intervention has additional effects, whether any patient with HF can benefit from IMT (alone or combined with another intervention), and whether only patients who already have respiratory muscle weakness benefit. Also important was establishing which training load provides the best result and the best intervention time, so that health care can be provided more efficiently. LAY SUMMARY: For people with heart failure, IMT by itself, without being combined with other exercise, can improve ease of breathing, increase the amount of distance that they can walk, and improve quality of life. Inspiratory training with higher loads might be helpful for those with respiratory muscle weakness who are unable to do conventional exercise.

Inspiratory Muscle Training in COPD.

BACKGROUND: The benefits of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) for patients with COPD are documented in the literature, but its isolated effect or association with other interventions, the best training methods, and what type of patient benefits the most are not clear. We sought to assess the effects of IMT on respiratory muscle strength, pulmonary function, dyspnea, functional capacity, and quality of life for subjects with COPD, considering IMT isolated or association with other interventions, presence of inspiratory muscle weakness, training load, and intervention time. METHODS: We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, PEDro, Cochrane CENTRAL, and LILACS databases in June 2018. We also performed a manual search of references in the studies found in the database search and included in this analysis. We included randomized controlled trials that investigated the above-mentioned outcomes and assessed IMT, either isolated or associated with other interventions, in comparison with a control group, placebo, or other interventions, in subjects with COPD. We used the GRADE approach to evaluate the quality of the evidence. RESULTS: Of 1,230 search results, 48 were included (N = 1,996 subjects). Isolated IMT increased PImax (10.64 cm H2O, 95% CI 7.61-13.66), distance walked in 6-min-walk test (34.28 m; 95% CI 29.43-39.14), and FEV1 (0.08, 95% CI 0.02-0.13). However, there was no improvement in dyspnea and quality of life. The presence of inspiratory muscle weakness did not change the results; higher loads (60-80% of PImax) promoted a greater improvement in these outcomes, and a shorter intervention time (4 weeks) improved PImax, but longer intervention times (6-8 weeks) are required to improve functional capacity. IMT associated with other interventions only showed an increase in PImax (8.44 cm H2O; 95% CI 4.98-11.91), and the presence of inspiratory muscle weakness did not change this result. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated IMT improved inspiratory muscle strength, functional capacity, and pulmonary function, without changing dyspnea and quality of life. Associated IMT only increased inspiratory muscle strength. These results indicate that isolated IMT can be considered as an adjuvant intervention in patients with COPD.

Effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Pain, Pulmonary Function, and Respiratory Muscle Strength After Posterolateral Thoracotomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) compared to placebo TENS and a control group on pain, pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, and analgesic medications in the postoperative period of thoracotomy in an Intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: Patients who had undergone posterolateral thoracotomy were randomly allocated to receive TENS during ICU stay, or placebo TENS, or into the control group. All groups received conventional physiotherapy. We analysed the intensity of pain, pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, and use of analgesia medications. Outcomes were evaluated before surgery, immediately after, 24 and 48 h after ICU admission. RESULTS: Forty-five patients were included. Regarding pain perception, there was no difference between groups (p = 0.172), but there was a significant reduction in pain intensity for patients receiving TENS after first physiotherapy session compared to baseline (4.7 ± 3.2 vs 3.3 ± 2.6; p < 0.05). All groups had a decrease in forced vital capacity (FVC) after surgery (p < 0.001). There was no difference between the groups regarding the use of analgesic medications, but a higher intake of morphine and acetaminophen were observed for the control (p = 0.037) and placebo group (p = 0.035), respectively. CONCLUSION: The use of TENS provides a little benefit of pain (in the first 12 h) but failed to demonstrate any improvement in the recovery of ICU patients after 48 h of posterolateral thoracotomy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02438241.

O uso de alta frequência como recurso para cicatrização de queimaduras: Um estudo de caso / The use of high frequency as a resource for burn healing: A case study

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia da alta frequência na cicatrização de feridas por queimadura durante internação hospitalar. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo de caso, realizado com uma voluntária do sexo feminino, 19 anos, em um hospital de pronto-socorro. Foram aplicados a alta frequência e curativos convencionais, com a amostra única sendo dividida em área de intervenção e área controle. Foram avaliados dados clínicos e sociodemográficos, registros fotográficos pré e pós as intervenções, dimensão da área da ferida por meio de planimetria digitalizada, aspecto da cicatriz através da Escala Vancouver e a qualidade de vida por meio do questionário Burn Specific Health Scale. RESULTADOS: A área da ferida teve redução de 54% na área de intervenção e 26% na área controle. Aspectos como vascularização e flexibilidade também apresentaram discreta melhora. O questionário de qualidade de vida reduziu dois pontos, relacionados à melhora da sensibilidade da pele e aos cuidados com a queimadura. CONCLUSÃO: A utilização de alta frequência combinada com uso de curativos durante a internação hospitalar mostrou resultados favoráveis em comparação a apenas o uso de curativos na cicatrização de feridas. Contudo, mais estudos são necessários.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the high frequency in the healing of burn wounds during hospitalization. METHODS: This is a case study, conducted with a 19-year-old female volunteer, in an emergency room. The high frequency and conventional dressings were applied, with the single sample being divided into the intervention area and the control area. Clinical and sociodemographic data, photographic records before and after the interventions, dimension of the wound area through digitalized planimetry, the aspect of the scar through the Vancouver Scale and quality of life through the Burn Specific Health Scale questionnaire were evaluated. RESULTS: The wound area decreased 54% in the intervention area and 26% in the control area. Aspects such as vascularity and flexibility also showed a slight improvement. The quality of life questionnaire reduced two points, related to the improvement of skin sensitivity and care for burns. CONCLUSION: The use of the high frequency combined with the use of dressings during hospitalization showed favorable results compared to only the use of dressings in wound healing. However, more studies are needed.

Effects of Intradialytic Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Strength and Muscle Architecture in Patients With Chronic Kidney Failure: Randomized Clinical Trial.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on muscle strength and architecture, functional capacity, and endothelial function in patients with chronic kidney failure (CKF) on hemodialysis (HD). Twenty-one patients with CKF on HD were randomized into a control group (CG; n = 10) and neuromuscular electrical stimulation group (NMESG; n = 11) who received NMES in the quadriceps muscle for 8 weeks, 3 times/week (20-34 min) during HD sessions. The muscle strength of the lower limbs was evaluated by dynamometry and sit-and-stand test (SST); muscle architecture through ultrasonography; functional capacity by the distance covered in a 6-min walk test and the endothelial function by flow-mediated dilatation technique of the brachial artery. There was an increase in the strength of the lower limbs in the NMESG compared to the CG (dynamometry: 43.28 ± 16.94 vs. 35.84 ± 16.89, P = 0.006; SST: 16.10 ± 6.51 vs. 12.50 ± 4.7, P = 0.029). There was a significant reduction in pennation angles of the right vastus lateralis (RVL) and left vastus lateralis (LVL) in the CG when compared to the NMESG (RVL: 11.93 [10.70-15.11] vs. 13.57 [11.81-15.96], P = 0.039; LVL: 11.62 [9.00-14.20] vs. 15.52 [12.86-20.02], P = 0.042). There was no change in functional capacity and in the endothelial function for CG and NMESG, respectively. In conclusion, NMES increases muscle strength and has a protective effect against muscle atrophy of the lower limbs of patients with chronic kidney failure on HD.

Effects of monochromatic infrared phototherapy in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Monochromatic infrared energy (MIRE) or phototherapy has been used to improve plantar sensitivity and pain in lower limbs of patients with diabetic sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy (DSPN), but the available primary results are inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: To review systematically the effects of MIRE on plantar sensitivity and neuropathic pain in patients with DSPN. METHODS: Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Google Scholar were searched up to September 2016. Randomized controlled trials addressing the effects of MIRE on plantar sensitivity and neuropathic pain in patients with DSPN were selected. Study inclusion, risk of bias and quality assessment, and data extraction were completed by two independent reviewers. RESULTS: Of 2549 records identified, six studies met the selection criteria, with 304 patients (594 feet) randomized. MIRE was not associated with improvement in plantar tactile sensitivity (SMD=0.22, 95%CI -0.07 to 0.51, low quality of evidence). Subgroups of studies with short-term (up to 2 weeks) follow-up showed significant improvement in plantar sensitivity (SMD=0.41, 95% CI 0.18-0.64). Neuropathic pain increased significantly in patients who received MIRE (MD=0.49, 95% CI 0.30-0.68, low quality of evidence). CONCLUSIONS: There was limited evidence that MIRE results in short-term improvement of tactile sensitivity probably not sustained over time. Limited evidence also suggested that MIRE does not provide relief for neuropathic pain. As quality of evidence is low, further studies are likely to change the estimated effect.

Low-level laser therapy in the treatment of pressure ulcers: systematic review.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLT) in pressure ulcers (PU) in humans through a systematic review of randomized studies. The search includes the databases MEDLINE, PEDro, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Lilacs, as well a manual search until May, 2016. This included randomized clinical trials of LLT compared with other interventions, different types of LLT, LLT placebo, or control in the treatment of PU. The outcomes evaluated were the ulcer area, healing rate, and overall healing rate. The risk of bias was evaluated using the tool of the Cochrane Collaboration, and the results were analyzed descriptively. From the 386 articles identified, only four studies were included, with two LLT used with single wavelength (1: 904 nm vs. control and 2: 940 nm vs. 808 nm vs. 658 nm vs. placebo) and two LLT used to probe cluster. One study compared to different single wavelengths showed a significant 71% reduction of the PU and an improved healing rate in which 47% of PU healed completely after 1 month of therapy with the use of LLT with a wavelength of 658 nm compared with other lengths. The other analyzed wavelengths were not significant in the assessed outcomes. Significant results were observed in the use of LLT with a 658 nm wavelength, and no evidence was found for use of wavelengths above that for the treatment of PU. Therefore, we also found no evidence in the laser used to probe the cluster.Registration number: CRD42016036648.

Use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation to preserve the thickness of abdominal and chest muscles of critically ill patients: A randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation combined with conventional physical therapy on muscle thickness in critically ill patients. DESIGN: Double-blind, randomized controlled trial. PATIENTS: Twenty-five patients participated in the study. METHODS: Patients on mechanical ventilation for 24-48 h were randomized to an intervention group (neuromuscular electrical stimulation + conventional physical therapy) or a conventional group (sham neuromuscular electrical stimulation + conventional physical therapy). Primary outcome was thickness of the rectus abdominis and chest muscles, determined on cross-sectional ultrasound images before and after the intervention. RESULTS: Eleven patients were included in the intervention group and 14 in the conventional group. After neuromuscular electrical stimulation, rectus abdominis muscle thickness and chest muscle thickness were preserved in the intervention group, whereas there was a significant reduction in thickness in the conventional group, with a significant difference between groups. There was a significant difference between groups in length of stay in the intensive care unit, with shorter length of stay in the intervention group. CONCLUSION: There was no change in rectus abdominis and chest muscle thickness in the intervention group. A significant decrease was found in these measures in the conventional group.

Efeitos Agudos da Estimulação Elétrica Funcional e do Treinamento Muscular Inspiratório em Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca: Ensaio Clínico Randomizado Cruzado / Acute Effects of Functional Electrical Stimulation and Inspiratory Muscle Training in Patients With Heart Failure: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial

Fundamentos: A insuficiência cardíaca é uma doença multissistêmica que inclui disfunção autonômica. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos agudos da Estimulação Elétrica Funcional (EEF) e do Treinamento Muscular Inspiratório (TMI) sobre o controle autonômico, a função endotelial e os níveis de citocinas inflamatórias em pacientes portadores de IC. Métodos: Estudo randomizado cruzado que incluiu 12 pacientes submetidos a três intervenções randomizadas: EEF, TMI, e EEF + TMI, com intervalo de 1 semana entre as sessões. O TMI foi realizado durante 15 minutos, com 30% da pressão inspiratória máxima. A EEF foi realizada nos músculos vasto lateral e vasto medial, a uma frequência de 20Hz durante 30 minutos. O controle autonômico foi medido através de monitorização de pressão batimento por batimento (Finapres); a função endotelial, através da técnica de dilatação mediada por fluxo (DMF); e os níveis de citocinas inflamatórias foram medidos antes e depois de cada sessão. Resultados: O controle autonômico após EEF diminuiu em termos de BF/AF (p=0,01) e BFn.u (p=0,03), e aumentou em termos de RR médio (p=0,005). Observou-se um aumento do RR médio após o TMI (p=0,005) e após EEF+TMI (p=0,02). Não houve diferenças na DMF e na concentração de lactato sérico. Quanto às citocinas, a EEF promoveu uma redução nos níveis de TNF-α (pré versus pós 24 horas, p = 0,05). O TMI resultou em níveis aumentados de IL-10 (pré versus 24 horas pós, p=0,05) e em níveis diminuídos de TNF-α (1 hora pós versus 24 horas pós, p = 0,03). Não houve diferenças quando as duas intervenções foram associadas. Conclusão: EEF, TMI, e EEF + TMI alteraram o controle autonômico, mas não a função endotelial. A EEF e o TMI isoladamente alteraram os níveis de citocinas inflamatórias. Ensaios Clínicos: NCT01325597

Background: Heart Failure is a multisystem disorder, which includes autonomic dysfunction. Objective: To evaluate the acute effects of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) and Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT) on autonomic control, endothelial function and inflammatory cytokine levels in patients with HF. Methods: Randomized crossover trial including 12 patients undergoing three randomized interventions: FES, IMT, and FES+IMT, with a 1-week interval between sessions. IMT was performed for 15 minutes with 30% of the maximal inspiratory pressure. FES was performed in the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles, at 20Hz for 30 minutes. The autonomic control was measured using beat-to-beat blood pressure monitoring (Finapres); the endothelial function, using the flow-mediated dilation technique (FMD); and inflammatory cytokine levels were assessed before and after the sessions. Results: Autonomic control after FES decreased regarding LF/HF (p=0.01) and LFn.u (p=0.03), and increased regarding mean RR (p=0.005). Increased mean RR was observed after IMT (p=0.005) and after FES+IMT (p=0.02). No differences were found in FMD and blood lactate concentration. As regards the cytokines, FES led to a decrease in TNF-α levels (pre vs. 24 hours post, p = 0.05). IMT resulted in increased IL-10 levels (pre vs. 24 hours post, p=0.05) and decreased TNF-α levels (1 hour post vs. 24 hours post, p = 0.03). No difference was observed when the two interventions were associated. Conclusion: FES, IMT, and FES+IMT changed the autonomic control without changing the endothelial function. FES and IMT separately changed inflammatory cytokine levels. Clinical Trials: NCT01325597

Respiratory training improved ventilatory function and respiratory muscle strength in patients with multiple sclerosis and lateral amyotrophic sclerosis: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Among neurodegenerative diseases, multiple sclerosis (MS) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have a high rate of respiratory disability. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the effects of respiratory muscle training (RMT) on ventilatory function, muscle strength and functional capacity in patients with MS or ALS. DATA SOURCES: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed. The sources were MEDLINE, PEDro, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, and LILACS, from inception to January 2015. STUDY SELECTION/ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: The following were included: RCTs of patients with neurodegenerative diseases (MS or lateral ALS) who used the intervention as RMT (inspiratory/expiratory), comparison with controls who had not received RMT full time or were receiving training without load, and evaluations of ventilatory function (forced vital capacity - FVC, forced expiratory volume in one second - FEV1, maximum voluntary ventilation - MVV), respiratory muscle strength (maximal expiratory pressure/maximum inspiratory pressure - MEP/MIP) and functional capacity (6-minute walk test - 6MWT). RESULTS: The review included nine papers, and a total of 194 patients. It was observed that RMT significantly increased at MIP (23.50cmH2O; 95% CI: 7.82 to 39.19), MEP (12.03cmH2O; 95% CI: 5.50 to 18.57) and FEV1 (0.27L; 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.42) compared to the control group, but did not differ in FVC (0.48L; 95% CI: -0.15 to 1.10) and distance in 6MWT (17.95m; 95% CI: -4.54 to 40.44). CONCLUSION: RMT can be an adjunctive therapy in the rehabilitation of neurodegenerative diseases improving ventilatory function and respiratory strength.

Effects of Electrical Stimulation in Spastic Muscles After Stroke: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Neuromuscular electric stimulation (NMES) has been used to reduce spasticity and improve range of motion in patients with stroke. However, contradictory results have been reported by clinical trials. A systematic review of randomized clinical trials was conducted to assess the effect of treatment with NMES with or without association to another therapy on spastic muscles after stroke compared with placebo or another intervention. METHODS: We searched the following electronic databases (from inception to February 2015): Medline (PubMed), EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). Two independent reviewers assessed the eligibility of studies based on predefined inclusion criteria (application of electric stimulation on the lower or upper extremities, regardless of NMES dosage, and comparison with a control group which was not exposed to electric stimulation), excluding studies with <3 days of intervention. The primary outcome extracted was spasticity, assessed by the Modified Ashworth Scale, and the secondary outcome extracted was range of motion, assessed by Goniometer. RESULTS: Of the total of 5066 titles, 29 randomized clinical trials were included with 940 subjects. NMES provided reductions in spasticity (-0.30 [95% confidence interval, -0.58 to -0.03], n=14 randomized clinical trials) and increase in range of motion when compared with control group (2.87 [95% confidence interval, 1.18-4.56], n=13 randomized clinical trials) after stroke. CONCLUSIONS: NMES combined with other intervention modalities can be considered as a treatment option that provides improvements in spasticity and range of motion in patients after stroke. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION: URL: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO. Unique identifier: CRD42014008946.

Expiratory and expiratory plus inspiratory muscle training improves respiratory muscle strength in subjects with COPD: systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) produces beneficial effects in COPD subjects, but the effects of expiratory muscle training (EMT) and EMT plus IMT in ventilatory training are still unclear. The aim of this study was to systematically review the effects of EMT and EMT plus IMT compared to control groups of COPD subjects. METHODS: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis. The search strategy included MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, PEDro, and Cochrane CENTRAL and also manual search of references in published studies on the subject. Randomized trials comparing EMT and EMT plus IMT versus control groups of subjects with COPD were included. The outcomes analyzed were respiratory muscle strength and functional capacity. Two reviewers independently extracted the data. RESULTS: The search retrieved 609 articles. Five studies were included. We observed that EMT provided higher gain in maximum expiratory pressure (P(E(max)) 21.49 cm H2O, 95% CI 13.39-29.59) and maximum inspiratory pressure (P(I(max)) 7.68 cm H2O, 95% CI 0.90-14.45) compared to control groups. There was no significant difference in the 6-min walk test distance (29.01 m, 95% CI -39.62 to 97.65) and dyspnea (0.15, 95% CI -0.77 to 1.08). In relation to EMT plus IMT, we observed that P(E(max)) (31.98 cm H2O, 95% CI 26.93-37.03) and P(I(max)) (27.98 cm H2O, 95% CI 20.10-35.85) presented higher values compared to control groups. CONCLUSIONS: EMT and EMT plus IMT improve respiratory muscle strength and can be used as part of the treatment during pulmonary rehabilitation of subjects with severe to very severe COPD.

Micronutrientes antioxidantes e risco cardiovascular em pacientes com diabetes: uma revisão sistemática / Antioxidant micronutrients and cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes: a systematic review

FUNDAMENTO: Associações inversas entre a ingestão de micronutrientes e desfechos cardiovasculares foram demonstradas previamente na população geral. OBJETIVO: Revisar sistematicamente o papel de micronutrientes no desenvolvimento/presença de desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes com diabetes. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados Medline, Embase e Scopus (Janeiro/1949-Março/2012) por estudos observacionais que avaliaram micronutrientes antioxidantes e desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes com diabetes e, em seguida, os dados foram selecionados e extraídos (dois revisores independentes). RESULTADOS: Dos 15658 estudos identificados, cinco foram incluídos, sendo três de caso-controle e dois de coorte, com um acompanhamento de 7-15 anos. Uma metanálise não foi realizada devido aos diferentes micronutrientes antioxidantes (tipos e métodos de medição) e os desfechos avaliados. Os micronutrientes avaliados foram: vitamina C (dieta e/ou suplementação), cromo e selênio em amostras de unha, e α-tocoferol e zinco no soro. A ingestão de > 300 mg de vitamina C a partir de uplementos esteve associada a um risco aumentado de doença cardiovascular, doença arterial coronariana (DAC) e acidente vascular cerebral (RR 1,69-2,37). Altos níveis de α-tocoferol no soro foram associados a um risco 30% inferior de DAC em outro estudo (RR 0,71, IC 95% 0,53-0,94). Entre os minerais (zinco, selênio e cromo), foi observada uma associação inversa entre o zinco e a DAC: níveis inferiores a 14,1 μmol/L foram associados a um risco aumentado para DAC (RR 1,70, IC 95% 1,21-2,38). CONCLUSÃO: A informação disponível sobre essa questão é escassa. Estudos prospectivos adicionais são necessários para elucidar o papel desses nutrientes no risco cardiovascular de pacientes com diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Inverse associations between micronutrient intake and cardiovascular outcomes have been previously shown, but did not focus on diabetic patients. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the role of micronutrients in the development/presence of cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes. METHODS: We searched Medline, Embase, and Scopus (January/1949-March/2012) for observational studies that evaluated micronutrients and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes, and then selected and extracted the data (two independent reviewers). RESULTS: From the 15 658 studies identified, five were included, comprising three case-control and two cohorts, with a follow-up of 7-15 years. A meta-analysis was not performed due to the different antioxidant micronutrients (types and measurement methods) and outcomes evaluated. The micronutrients assessed were vitamin C intake in diet and/or supplementation, chromium and selenium in toenail samples, and α-tocopherol and zinc in serum levels. Intake of >300 mg of vitamin C through supplementation was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease (CAD), and stroke (RR 1.69-2.37). High levels of α-tocopherol in serum were associated with 30% lower CAD risk in another study (HR 0.71; 95%CI 0.53-0.94). Among minerals (zinc, selenium, and chromium), an inverse association between zinc and CAD was observed; levels lower than 14.1 µmol/L were associated with an increased risk for CAD (RR 1.70; 95%CI 1.21-2.38). CONCLUSION: The information available on this issue is scarce. Further prospective studies are needed to elucidate the role of these nutrients in the cardiovascular risk of patients with diabetes.

Antioxidant micronutrients and cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Inverse associations between micronutrient intake and cardiovascular outcomes have been previously shown, but did not focus on diabetic patients. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the role of micronutrients in the development/presence of cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes. METHODS: We searched Medline, Embase, and Scopus (January/1949-March/2012) for observational studies that evaluated micronutrients and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes, and then selected and extracted the data (two independent reviewers). RESULTS: From the 15 658 studies identified, five were included, comprising three case-control and two cohorts, with a follow-up of 7-15 years. A meta-analysis was not performed due to the different antioxidant micronutrients (types and measurement methods) and outcomes evaluated. The micronutrients assessed were vitamin C intake in diet and/or supplementation, chromium and selenium in toenail samples, and α-tocopherol and zinc in serum levels. Intake of >300 mg of vitamin C through supplementation was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease (CAD), and stroke (RR 1.69-2.37). High levels of α-tocopherol in serum were associated with 30% lower CAD risk in another study (HR 0.71; 95%CI 0.53-0.94). Among minerals (zinc, selenium, and chromium), an inverse association between zinc and CAD was observed; levels lower than 14.1 µmol/L were associated with an increased risk for CAD (RR 1.70; 95%CI 1.21-2.38). CONCLUSION: The information available on this issue is scarce. Further prospective studies are needed to elucidate the role of these nutrients in the cardiovascular risk of patients with diabetes.

Electrical stimulation and electromagnetic field use in patients with diabetic neuropathy: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, and pharmacological therapies are ineffective in many patients. Therefore, other treatment modalities should be considered, including electrical stimulation and electromagnetic fields. OBJECTIVES: The research objective was to evaluate the effect of treatment with electrical stimulation and electromagnetic fields on pain and sensitivity in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy compared with placebo or another intervention. METHOD: We searched the following electronic databases (from inception to April 2012): MEDLINE (accessed by PubMed), LILACS, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), EMBASE and Cochrane CENTRAL. We included randomized trials that compared electrical stimulation or electromagnetic fields with control groups in which the objective was to assess pain and sensitivity in patients with PDN. Two reviewers independently extracted the data. A random-effects model was used for the main analysis. RESULTS: The search retrieved 1336 articles, of which 12 studies were included. Reductions in the mean pain score were significantly greater in the TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) group than in the placebo group [-0.44 (95% CI: -0.79 to -0.09; I2: 0%)]. There was no improvement in pain relief when electromagnetic fields were compared with the control group [-0.69 (95% CI: -1.86 to 0.48; I2: 63%)]. CONCLUSIONS: We found that TENS improved pain relief in patients with diabetic neuropathy, while no such improvement was observed with the use of electromagnetic field treatment. Due to the methodological differences between the studies, a meta-analysis for the outcome of sensitivity could not be performed.

Electrical stimulation and electromagnetic field use in patients with diabetic neuropathy: systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, and pharmacological therapies are ineffective in many patients. Therefore, other treatment modalities should be considered, including electrical stimulation and electromagnetic fields. OBJECTIVES: The research objective was to evaluate the effect of treatment with electrical stimulation and electromagnetic fields on pain and sensitivity in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy compared with placebo or another intervention. METHOD: We searched the following electronic databases (from inception to April 2012): MEDLINE (accessed by PubMed), LILACS, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), EMBASE and Cochrane CENTRAL. We included randomized trials that compared electrical stimulation or electromagnetic fields with control groups in which the objective was to assess pain and sensitivity in patients with PDN. Two reviewers independently extracted the data. A random-effects model was used for the main analysis. RESULTS: The search retrieved 1336 articles, of which 12 studies were included. Reductions in the mean pain score were significantly greater in the TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) group than in the placebo group [-0.44 (95% CI: -0.79 to -0.09; I2: 0%)]. There was no improvement in pain relief when electromagnetic fields were compared with the control group [-0.69 (95% CI: -1.86 to 0.48; I2: 63%)]. CONCLUSIONS: We found that TENS improved pain relief in patients with diabetic neuropathy, while no such improvement was observed with the use of electromagnetic field treatment. Due to the methodological differences between the studies, a meta-analysis for the outcome of sensitivity could not be performed. .

Inspiratory muscle training in patients with heart failure: meta-analysis of randomized trials.

Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) may have lower inspiratory muscle strength and endurance, which may contribute to exercise intolerance. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) can have beneficial effects on these patients. Thus, the aim of this study was to systematically review the effects of IMT compared to control groups (placebo-IMT or another intervention) in patients with CHF. A search of databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL and PEDro) and references of published studies, from 1960 to 2011, was conducted. Randomized trials comparing IMT to control groups in the treatment of patients with CHF were included. The GRADE approach was used to determine the quality of evidence for each outcome. Of 119 articles identified, 7 studies were included. IMT increased the distance walked in the six-minute walk test [69 m (95% CI: 7.21 to 130.79)] (very low evidence) and maximal static inspiratory pressure [23.36 cmH20 (95% CI: 11.71 to 35.02)] (low evidence) compared to control groups. However, IMT provides a significant improvement in peak oxygen consumption only in the studies that performed IMT for 12 weeks against no inspiratory load in patients with inspiratory muscle weakness [3.02 ml/kg/min-1 (95% CI: 0.43 to 5.61)]. IMT improves functional capacity and inspiratory muscle strength thereby deserving consideration as an additional intervention in patients with CHF. Larger and better-designed studies, however, are needed to clarify the potential benefit of IMT in this patient population.

Treinamento muscular inspiratório em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca: metanálise de estudos randomizados / Inspiratory muscle training in patients with heart failure: meta-analysis of randomized trials

Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca Crônica (ICC) podem ter menor força e resistência muscular inspiratória, o que pode contribuir para a intolerância ao exercício. O Treinamento Muscular Inspiratório (TMI) tem demonstrado efeitos benéficos nesses pacientes. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi revisar sistematicamente os efeitos do TMI comparado a grupo controle (TMI placebo ou outra intervenção) em pacientes com ICC. A busca incluiu as bases MEDLINE, PEDro e Cochrane CENTRAL, além de referências de estudos publicados, de 1960 a 2011. Ensaios randomizados comparando TMI e grupo controle no tratamento de pacientes com ICC foram incluídos. O GRADE foi utilizado para determinar a qualidade da evidência para cada desfecho. Dos 119 artigos identificados, sete estudos foram incluídos. O TMI aumentou a distância percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos [69 m (IC95%: 7,21 a 130,79)] (evidência muito baixa) e a pressão inspiratória máxima [23,36 cmH20 (IC95%: 11,71 a 35,02)] comparado aos grupos controles (evidência baixa). Entretanto, o TMI promoveu uma melhora significativa no consumo máximo de oxigênio somente nos estudos que realizaram TMI por 12 semanas, comparado a nenhuma carga inspiratória em pacientes com fraqueza muscular inspiratória [3,02 ml/kg/min-1 (IC95%: 0,43 a 5,61)]. Assim, concluiu-se que o TMI melhora capacidade funcional e força muscular inspiratória, merecendo consideração como uma intervenção adicional em pacientes com ICC. Entretanto, estudos maiores e com maior qualidade são necessários para esclarecer o potencial benefício do TMI nessa população.

Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) may have lower inspiratory muscle strength and endurance, which may contribute to exercise intolerance. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) can have beneficial effects on these patients. Thus, the aim of this study was to systematically review the effects of IMT compared to control groups (placebo-IMT or another intervention) in patients with CHF. A search of databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL and PEDro) and references of published studies, from 1960 to 2011, was conducted. Randomized trials comparing IMT to control groups in the treatment of patients with CHF were included. The GRADE approach was used to determine the quality of evidence for each outcome. Of 119 articles identified, 7 studies were included. IMT increased the distance walked in the six-minute walk test [69 m (95% CI: 7.21 to 130.79)] (very low evidence) and maximal static inspiratory pressure [23.36 cmH20 (95% CI: 11.71 to 35.02)] (low evidence) compared to control groups. However, IMT provides a significant improvement in peak oxygen consumption only in the studies that performed IMT for 12 weeks against no inspiratory load in patients with inspiratory muscle weakness [3.02 ml/kg/min-1 (95% CI: 0.43 to 5.61)]. IMT improves functional capacity and inspiratory muscle strength thereby deserving consideration as an additional intervention in patients with CHF. Larger and better-designed studies, however, are needed to clarify the potential benefit of IMT in this patient population.

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after thoracic surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 randomized trials.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) on pain and pulmonary function during the postoperative period after thoracic surgery by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. METHODS: The search strategy included MEDLINE, PEDro, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE and LILACS, besides a manual search, from inception to August, 2011. Randomized trials were included, comparing TENS associated or not with pharmacological analgesia vs. placebo TENS associated or not with pharmacological analgesia or vs. pharmacological analgesia alone to assess pain (visual analog scale - VAS) and/or pulmonary function represented by forced vital capacity (FVC) in postoperative thoracic surgery patients (pulmonary or cardiac with approach by thoracotomy or sternotomy). RESULTS: Of the 2.489 articles identified, 11 studies were included. In the approach by thoracotomy, TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia reduced pain compared to the placebo TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia (VAS -1.29; CI95%: -1.94 to - 0.65). In the approach by sternotomy, TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia also reduced pain compared to the placebo TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia (VAS -1.33; 95%CI: -1.89 to 0.77) and compared to pharmacological analgesia alone (VAS -1.23; 95%CI: -1.79 to -0.67). There was no significant improvement in FVC (0.12 L; 95%CI: -0.27 to 0.51). CONCLUSION: TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia provides pain relief compared to the placebo TENS in postoperative thoracic surgery patients both approached by thoracotomy and sternotomy. In the sternotomy it also provides more effective pain relief compared to pharmacological analgesia alone, but has no significant effect on pulmonary function.