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1.
PLoS One ; 7(5): e36533, 2012.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22693551

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Pest impact on an agricultural field is jointly influenced by local and landscape features. Rarely, however, are these features studied together. The present study applies a "facilitated ecoinformatics" approach to jointly screen many local and landscape features of suspected importance to Andean potato weevils (Premnotrypes spp.), the most serious pests of potatoes in the high Andes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We generated a comprehensive list of predictors of weevil damage, including both local and landscape features deemed important by farmers and researchers. To test their importance, we assembled an observational dataset measuring these features across 138 randomly-selected potato fields in Huancavelica, Peru. Data for local features were generated primarily by participating farmers who were trained to maintain records of their management operations. An information theoretic approach to modeling the data resulted in 131,071 models, the best of which explained 40.2-46.4% of the observed variance in infestations. The best model considering both local and landscape features strongly outperformed the best models considering them in isolation. Multi-model inferences confirmed many, but not all of the expected patterns, and suggested gaps in local knowledge for Andean potato weevils. The most important predictors were the field's perimeter-to-area ratio, the number of nearby potato storage units, the amount of potatoes planted in close proximity to the field, and the number of insecticide treatments made early in the season. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Results underscored the need to refine the timing of insecticide applications and to explore adjustments in potato hilling as potential control tactics for Andean weevils. We believe our study illustrates the potential of ecoinformatics research to help streamline IPM learning in agricultural learning collaboratives.


Asunto(s)
Ecosistema , Informática , Control de Plagas , Solanum tuberosum , Gorgojos , Animales , Insecticidas , Modelos Estadísticos
2.
J Sci Food Agric ; 92(10): 2098-105, 2012 Aug 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22278409

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Variables and interaction effects affecting the mineral concentration of Andean bitter potatoes converted into so-called white chuño are unknown. We report on the effect of three contrasting production environments (E) on the dry matter (DM), zinc, iron, calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and sodium concentration of four potato native bitter genotypes (G) processed (P) into two different 'types' of white chuño. RESULTS: The DM content and iron, calcium, magnesium and sodium concentration of white chuño are significantly dependent on E, G, P, and E × G × P interaction (predominantly at P < 0.01). In particular, the DM content and calcium concentration are influenced by all variables and possible interaction effects. The zinc and potassium concentration are not significantly dependent on E × G, G × P or E × G × P interaction effects, while the phosphorus concentration is not significantly affected by the G × P or E × G × P interaction effect. Zinc, phosphorus and magnesium concentrations decrease in the ranges of 48.3-81.5%, 61.2-73.0% and 62.0-89.7% respectively. The decrease in potassium is particularly severe, with 122- to 330-fold losses. Iron and calcium increase by 11.2-45.6% and 74.5-714.9% respectively. CONCLUSION: E, G, P, and various interaction effects influence the mineral concentration of traditionally processed tubers. We speculate that mineral losses are caused by leaching, while increases of iron and calcium are a likely result of absorption.


Asunto(s)
Agricultura , Ambiente , Genotipo , Minerales/metabolismo , Preparaciones de Plantas/química , Tubérculos de la Planta/metabolismo , Solanum tuberosum/metabolismo , Análisis de los Alimentos , Manipulación de Alimentos , Solanum tuberosum/genética , América del Sur
3.
Nature ; 432(7014): 222-5, 2004 Nov 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15538370

RESUMEN

The Nuffield Council on Bioethics suggests that introgression of genetic material into related species in centres of crop biodiversity is an insufficient justification to bar the use of genetically modified crops in the developing world. They consider that a precautionary approach to forgo the possible benefits invokes the fallacy of thinking that doing nothing is itself without risk to the poor. Here we report findings relevant to this and other aspects of environmental biosafety for genetically modified potato in its main centre of biodiversity, the central Andes. We studied genetically modified potato clones that provide resistance to nematodes, principal pests of Andean potato crops. We show that there is no harm to many non-target organisms, but gene flow occurs to wild relatives growing near potato crops. If stable introgression were to result, the fitness of these wild species could be altered. We therefore transformed the male sterile cultivar Revolucion to provide a genetically modified nematode-resistant potato to evaluate the benefits that this provides until the possibility of stable introgression to wild relatives is determined. Thus, scientific progress is possible without compromise to the precautionary principle.


Asunto(s)
Biodiversidad , Alimentos Modificados Genéticamente/normas , Control Biológico de Vectores/normas , Solanum tuberosum/genética , Transgenes/genética , Agricultura/métodos , Agricultura/normas , Animales , Cruzamientos Genéticos , Humanos , Hibridación Genética/genética , Insectos/fisiología , Nematodos/fisiología , Perú , Fenotipo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Polen/fisiología , Polimorfismo de Longitud del Fragmento de Restricción , Medición de Riesgo , Seguridad , Plantones/clasificación , Plantones/genética , Solanum/clasificación , Solanum/genética , Solanum tuberosum/clasificación , Solanum tuberosum/parasitología , Reino Unido
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