Entrectinib-A SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitor in Human Lung Tissue (HLT) Cells.

Since the start of the COVID-19 outbreak, pharmaceutical companies and research groups have focused on the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we apply a drug repurposing strategy to identify drug candidates that are able to block the entrance of the virus into human cells. By combining virtual screening with in vitro pseudovirus assays and antiviral assays in Human Lung Tissue (HLT) cells, we identify entrectinib as a potential antiviral drug.

The European Research Network on Signal Transduction (ERNEST): Toward a Multidimensional Holistic Understanding of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are intensively studied due to their therapeutic potential as drug targets. Members of this large family of transmembrane receptor proteins mediate signal transduction in diverse cell types and play key roles in human physiology and health. In 2013 the research consortium GLISTEN (COST Action CM1207) was founded with the goal of harnessing the substantial growth in knowledge of GPCR structure and dynamics to push forward the development of molecular modulators of GPCR function. The success of GLISTEN, coupled with new findings and paradigm shifts in the field, led in 2019 to the creation of a related consortium called ERNEST (COST Action CA18133). ERNEST broadens focus to entire signaling cascades, based on emerging ideas of how complexity and specificity in signal transduction are not determined by receptor-ligand interactions alone. A holistic approach that unites the diverse data and perspectives of the research community into a single multidimensional map holds great promise for improved drug design and therapeutic targeting.

Computational methods for studying G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).

The functioning of GPCRs is classically described by the ternary complex model as the interplay of three basic components: a receptor, an agonist, and a G protein. According to this model, receptor activation results from an interaction with an agonist, which translates into the activation of a particular G protein in the intracellular compartment that, in turn, is able to initiate particular signaling cascades. Extensive studies on GPCRs have led to new findings which open unexplored and exciting possibilities for drug design and safer and more effective treatments with GPCR targeting drugs. These include discovery of novel signaling mechanisms such as ligand promiscuity resulting in multitarget ligands and signaling cross-talks, allosteric modulation, biased agonism, and formation of receptor homo- and heterodimers and oligomers which can be efficiently studied with computational methods. Computer-aided drug design techniques can reduce the cost of drug development by up to 50%. In particular structure- and ligand-based virtual screening techniques are a valuable tool for identifying new leads and have been shown to be especially efficient for GPCRs in comparison to water-soluble proteins. Modern computer-aided approaches can be helpful for the discovery of compounds with designed affinity profiles. Furthermore, homology modeling facilitated by a growing number of available templates as well as molecular docking supported by sophisticated techniques of molecular dynamics and quantitative structure-activity relationship models are an excellent source of information about drug-receptor interactions at the molecular level.