RESUMEN
The aim of present study was to enhance topical permeation of clotrimazole gel preparation by using various permeability enhancers such as coconut oil, pistachio oil and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). Clotrimazole gel preparations were prepared and optimized by using three factor, five level central composite design. A second-order polynomial equation was generated in order to estimate the effect of independent variables i.e. coconut oil (X1), pistachio oil (X2) and sodium lauryl sulphate (X3) at various dependent variables i.e. flux (Y1), lag time (Y2), diffusion coefficient (Y3), permeability coefficient (Y4), and input rate (Y5) of clotrimazole gel formulations. Ex vivo skin permeation study was performed through rat skin by using modified Franz diffusion cell system. Optimized formulation F8 exhibited highest flux 2.17 µg/cm2/min, permeability coefficient 0.0019 cm/min and input rate 1.543 µg/cm2/min, along with moderate lag time 77.27 min and diffusion coefficient 0.063 cm2/min, which is further supported by anti-fungal activity that exhibited more prominent zone of inhibition against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Mucor. Thus, it can be concluded that permeation of clotrimazole gel was enhanced by various combination of coconut oil, pistachio oil and sodium lauryl sulphate but optimized formulation F8 containing 0.4 ml pistachio oil, 0.8 ml coconut oil and 0.04 g of SLS exhibited more pronounced and promising effect through rat skin.
Asunto(s)
Acrilatos , Clotrimazol/síntesis química , Administración Tópica , Animales , Clotrimazol/administración & dosificación , Clotrimazol/farmacocinética , Aceite de Coco/farmacología , Composición de Medicamentos/métodos , Geles , Técnicas In Vitro , Pistacia/química , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Ratas , Absorción Cutánea , Dodecil Sulfato de Sodio/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Jinn possession is used as an explanation of mental symptoms among Muslims around the world. Very few studies have examined the use of jinn as a religious explanation model for mental health problems and treatment-seeking behaviour. The majority of studies show a positive association between jinn explanations and preferred treatment by religious healers, but due to methodological limitations, results should be taken with precaution. There is a need for longitudinal studies focusing on improving cultural competence and exploring possible cooperation with healers.