RESUMEN
Product mislabeling and/or species fraud in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) not only decrease TCM quality, but also pose a potential health issue to the end user. Up to now, methods to control TCM quality have been developed to detect specific metabolites or identify the original species. However, species quantification in complex herbal formulas is rarely concerned. Here, we reported a simple Vector Control Quantitative Analysis (VCQA) method for flexible and accurate multiplex species quantification in traditional Chinese herbal formulas. We developed PCR-based strategy to quickly generate the integrated DNA fragments from multiple targeted species, which can be assembled into the quantitative vector in one round of cloning by Golden Gate ligation and Gateway recombination technique. With this method, we recruited the nuclear ribosomal DNA Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region for the quantification of Ligusticum sinense "Chuanxiong," Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav., Notopterygium incisum K. C. Ting ex H. T. Chang, Asarum sieboldii Miq., Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk., Nepeta cataria L., Mentha canadensis L., and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. in ChuanXiong ChaTiao Wan, a classic Chinese herbal formula with very long historical background. We found that, firstly, VCQA method could eliminate the factors affecting such as the variations in DNA extracts when in combination with the use of universal and species-specific primers. Secondly, this method detected the limit of quantification of A. sieboldii Miq. in formula products down to 1%. Thirdly, the stability of quality of ChuanXiong ChaTiao Wan formula varies significantly among different manufacturers. In conclusion, VCQA method has the potential power and can be used as an alternative method for species quantification of complex TCM formulas.
RESUMEN
Toona sinensis, also known as Xiangchun in Chinese, is a popular 'tree vegetables' and famous medicinal plant with good economic value. In our study, we sequenced the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of T. sinensis using the llumina sequencing platform. The cp genome of T. sinensis is a characteristic four-party structure with a length of 157,228 bp, which contains two 26,994 bp inverted repeats (IRs), an 85,971 bp large single copy (LSC), and a 17,269 bp small single copy (SSC). We identified a total of 126 genes, of which clouding 82 protein-coding genes, 36 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis showed that T. sinensis was closely related to the congeneric T. ciliata.
RESUMEN
Taxillus chinensis (DC) Danser, which is a hemiparasitic shrub distributed in southern China and Southeast Asian countries, is wildly used in various traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of the T. chinensis was assembled from the whole genome Illumina sequencing data. The complete plastome is a typical quadripartite structure with a length of 121,305 bp, which contained two inverted repeats (IRs) of 22,460 bp separated by a large single-copy (LSC) and a small single copy (SSC) of 70,295 bp and 6090 bp, respectively. The plastome contains 106 genes, comprising 66 protein-coding genes, 28 tRNA genes, eight rRNA genes, and four processed pseudogenes. The overall GC content of the plastome is 37.4%, which is unevenly distributed across the whole chloroplast genome. The phylogenetic analysis shows that T. chinensis was closely related to the congeneric species T. sutchuenensis.
RESUMEN
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Cucurbitaceae) is a perennial medicinal herb widely distributed in China. It's well known for its medicinal values due to contains important medicinal components gypenosides. Here, we first report and characterize its complete chloroplast genome based on Illumina paired-end sequencing data. The complete plastid genome was 154,457 bp, which contained inverted repeats (IR) of 25,603 bp separated by a large single-copy (LSC) and a small single copy (SSC) of 84,998 bp and 18,253 bp, respectively. The cpDNA contains 132 genes, comprising 81 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes and six processed pseudogenes. The overall GC content of the plastome is 37.1%. The phylogenetic analysis of 17 selected chloroplast genomes demonstrated that G. pentaphyllum is closely related to the congeneric G. compressum.
RESUMEN
Ardisia gigantifolia (Myrsinaceae) is a perennial shrub and widely distributed in Southeast Asia. It is well known for its medicinal values and has the potential for development of novel phytopharmaceuticals. Here, we first report and characterize its complete chloroplast genome based on Illumina paired-end sequencing data. The complete plastid genome was 156,216 bp, which contained inverted repeats (IR) of 26,047 bp separated by a large single-copy (LSC) and a small single-copy (SSC) regions of 85,725 bp and 18,397 bp, respectively. The cpDNA contains 134 genes, comprising 88 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 1 processed pseudogene. The overall GC content of the plastome is 37.3%. The phylogenetic analysis of 17 selected chloroplast genomes demonstrated that A. gigantifolia is closely related to the congeneric A. polysticta.
RESUMEN
Dysosma versipellis (Berberidaceae) is a rare and threatened medicinal herb endemic to subtropical China. Here, we first report and characterize its complete chloroplast genome based on Illumina paired-end sequencing data. The complete plastid genome was 156,735 bp, which contained inverted repeats (IR) of 25,925 bp separated by a large single copy (LSC) and a small single copy (SSC) of 86,514 bp and 18,371 bp, respectively. The cpDNA contains 133 genes, comprising 86 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 2 processed pseudogenes. The overall GC content of the plastome is 38.5%. The phylogenetic analysis of 17 selected chloroplast genomes demonstrated that D. versipellis is closely related to the congeneric D. pleiantha.
RESUMEN
Sophora japonica 'JinhuaiJ2' (Papilionaceae), known as Chinese Scholar Tree, is an important traditional herb with a long history of cultivation in China. It's well known for its valuable medicinal values due to its flower buds contains abundant rutin. Here, we reported and characterized its complete chloroplast genome based on Illumina paired-end sequencing data. The complete plastid genome was 158,690 bp, which contained inverted repeats (IR) of 25,339 bp separated by a large single-copy (LSC) and a small single copy (SSC) of 88,978 bp and 19,034 bp, respectively. The cpDNA contains 129 genes, comprising 83 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. The overall GC content of the plastome is 36.1%. The phylogenetic analysis of 18 selected chloroplast genomes demonstrated that S. japonica 'JinhuaiJ2' was close to the species Tapiscia sinensis.