Vasopressin and galanin expression in the hypothalamus of two African rodents, Taterillus gracilis and Steatomys caurinus, subjected to water-restriction.

The expression of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and galanin (GAL) was studied by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in the hypothalamus of two species of African rodents. In the wild, these animals experience successive arid and wet seasons that alternately stimulate their antidiuretic and diuretic systems. In this study, animals were subjected to both standardized laboratory conditions and to eight days of water-restriction. Under both sets of conditions, AVP and GAL were detected in the supraoptic nucleus (SON), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and median eminence (ME). AVP and GAL responses to water-restriction differed in the two species, as did behavioral adaptations to the hot-dry season. In Taterillus gracilis, AVP- and GAL-LI (like immunoreactivity) peptide and mRNA levels increased in the SON. AVP-LI peptide and mRNA levels increased in the PVN, whereas only AVP-LI peptide levels increased in the ME. Pituitary gland AVP pools were unchanged by water deprivation, whereas urinary AVP levels and osmolality increased. The AVP response is typical of that of desert rodents, favoring survival under conditions of water-restriction. In Steatomys caurinus, which estivates, AVP and GAL-LI peptide levels decreased in the hypothalamus, as they did in the laboratory rat. In the SON, AVP, and GAL mRNA levels increased, whereas, in the PVN, only AVP mRNA levels increased. Pituitary gland AVP levels decreased, whereas urinary AVP levels and osmolality increased. In both species, the changes in the amount of GAL-LI peptide appeared to be closely linked to changes in AVP levels, suggesting that this peptide is involved in the osmoregulatory response to water-restriction.

Seasonal changes in the hypothalamic vasopressinergic system of a wild Sahelian rodent, Taterillus petteri.

Seasonal variations in the immunoreactivity of vasopressinergic perikarya in the paraventricular (PVN), supraoptic (SON) and suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), and in the labelling of vasopressinergic fibres in the internal zone of the median eminence were studied in Taterillus petteri, a rodent that is found in the north Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta). In this region, there are four seasonal climatic combinations: the humid and hot, humid and cold, dry and cold, and dry and hot seasons. In the dry hot season, the rodents experience phases of torpor (adaptation to dryness). Immunoreactivity of the PVN and SON is highest during the dry cold season. Labelling is intense during the dry hot and humid hot seasons, and is at its lowest during the humid cold season. In the SCN, labelling of the perikarya is only dense during the dry hot season, whereas for the rest of the year, the immunoreactivity is weak or undetectable. The pattern of immunoreactive variations of vasopressin-positive fibres located in the internal zone of the median eminence is similar to those of vasopressinergic perikarya in the PVN and SON. These results suggest that there is an association between: (1) seasonal modifications in the immunoreactivity of PVN and SON vasopressinergic perikarya and vasopressinergic fibres of the internal median eminence, and (2) climatic conditions, water metabolism, behavioural activity and diet. It is not possible to establish a correlation between seasonal variations in water availability and fluctuations in the labelling of vasopressinergic perikarya in the SCN. However, labelling is intense when the animals are in torpor during the dry hot season.