First report of Watermelon silver mottle orthotospovirus infecting Siraitia grosvenorii in China.

Siraitia grosvenorii, known as "Luohanguo or monk fruit", is a perennial vine belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. It is cultivated for its fruits, which are used as a Chinese traditional medicine to treat throat, lung and intestine ailments, or as raw material to extract sweet cucurbitane-glycosides as sugar substitute sweeteners (Chen et al., 2007). The production of S. grosvenorii is limited by viral diseases especially cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), watermelon mosaic virus, and zucchini yellow mosaic virus (Liao et al., 2005; Xie et al., 2020). In 2022, virus-like disease consisting of leaf mottling, crinkling, and ringspot was observed on S. grosvenorii plants grown in an insect-proof greenhouse in Guilin City, Guangxi Province, China, with an incidence rate of ~17%. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) was applied to identify potential viruses in the diseased plants. Briefly, total RNA was extracted from a pool of 28 leaf samples (with or without symptoms) of S. grosvenorii using Trizol reagent according to manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen, U.S.A.). The rRNA was depleted (Epicentre Ribo-zero™ rRNA Removal Kit, Epicentre, U.S.A.), before steps of cDNA library construction (NEBNext® Ultra™ Directional RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina®, NEB, U.S.A.), and sequencing (Hiseq 4000 platform, Illumina, U.S.A.). The subsequent bioinformatics analyses were performed according to Liu et al. (2021). HTS of the sample and raw reads processing resulted in 8.4 Gb clean data. The clean reads (150 bp) were de novo assembled into 87,414 contigs (≥200 bp), using CLC Genomics Workbench 21 (Qiagen, Germany). The contigs were annotated by local BLASTX, resulting in matches to CGMMV, PRSV, and watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV). Three contigs of 6,557 bp, 4,950 bp, and 3,594 bp were most identical to L (GenBank accession no. JX177647), M (MW051789), and S (KM242056) segments of WSMoV. The complete genome sequences corresponding to the contigs derived from the sample (designated as GL-1 variant of WSMoV, OQ401466-OQ401468) were obtained by reads mapping to segments of these isolates. The reads coverage was ≥99.75% in each RNA segment and the depth of the coverage was in a range of 74-285. To detect the presence of GL-1 in S. grosvenorii plants, three primer pairs D7280F/D7382R (5'-TGATAGCCTGATGAACACCA/5'-TGTCTCTAAACCTTCTACCGC, Tm = 55℃, product size 172 bp), D4512F/D4703R (5'-GCATTGAACTCGCTCACAC/5'-AGTAGACGACCCTGAAGACCT, Tm = 55℃, 192 bp), and D109F/D451R (5'-TTATGGCACAAGAGACAACAGAG/5'-GGGCGTTATGTTCAGTATATTGG, Tm = 56℃, 342 bp) were designed in the L, M, and S segments, respectively. Fresh symptomatic and asymptomatic leaf tissues (n=38) were collected from three fields and their extracted nucleic acids were individually tested with the primers designed by two-steps RT-PCR using TaKaRa RNA PCR kit Ver.3.0 (Takara, Japan). Expected amplicons were obtained in symptomatic samples (n=7) showing mottling, crinkling, and chlorosis. Other samples (n=31) with or without symptoms were negative to WSMoV infection. The amplicons were sequenced, and the sequences obtained shared >99% nt identities with the corresponding GL-1 sequences in GenBank. This is the first report of WSMoV on S. grosvenorii, which provides the basic information for virus disease management.

Traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of sepsis and related multi-organ injury.

Sepsis is a common but critical illness in patients admitted to the intensive care unit and is associated with high mortality. Although there are many treatments for sepsis, specific and effective therapies are still lacking. For over 2,000 years, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has played a vital role in the treatment of infectious diseases in Eastern countries. Both anecdotal and scientific evidence show that diverse TCM preparations alleviate organ dysfunction caused by sepsis by inhibiting the inflammatory response, reducing oxidative stress, boosting immunity, and maintaining cellular homeostasis. This review reports on the efficacy and mechanism of action of various TCM compounds, herbal monomer extracts, and acupuncture, on the treatment of sepsis and related multi-organ injury. We hope that this information would be helpful to better understand the theoretical basis and empirical support for TCM in the treatment of sepsis.