aMMP-8 point-of-care - diagnostic methods and treatment modalities in periodontitis and peri-implantitis.

INTRODUCTION: When collected in a standardized fashion, oral fluid analysis can refine the diagnosis of periodontal and peri-implant disease. In practice, dental professionals can perform active matrix metalloproteinase (aMMP-8) analysis chairside. AREAS COVERED: Periodontal tissues are mainly made up of type I collagen, and collagen breakdown is one of the main events in periodontal and peri-implantitis destructive lesions. In addition to traditional measurements, their diagnosis can be refined with tests utilizing oral fluids. The active matrix metalloproteinase-8 (aMMP-8) is possible to be determined from the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), peri-implant sulcus fluid (PISF), and other oral fluids such as mouth rinse and saliva. We also investigated the applicability of aMMP-8 chair-side test kits in the evaluation of oral health benefits of different adjunctive host-modulating periodontal therapies including fermented lingonberry mouthwash (FLJ) and antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). EXPERT OPINION: The aMMP-8 levels can more reliably detect early activation of periodontal and peri-implant disease as compared to traditional diagnostic methods that assess the experienced health status or past disease, rather than the present or future pathology. Novel therapies like, fermented lingonberry juice as a mouthrinse or aPDT, are potential host-modulating adjunctive treatments to reduce the signs of oral inflammation and infection.

Effects of a 2-Year Early Childhood Vitamin D3 Intervention on Tooth Enamel and Oral Health at Age 6-7 Years.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to compare the effects of a 30 µg/day versus 10 µg/day vitamin D supplementation, given during the two first years of life, on oral health at the age of six to 7 years. METHODS: In 2013-2016, we conducted a randomized, double-blinded, clinical trial from age 2 weeks to 2 years of daily vitamin D3 supplementation (10 vs. 30 µg), including 975 healthy infants. For the present follow-up study at age 6-7 years, a sample of 123 children underwent oral examination by investigators blinded to the intervention group. Tooth enamel defect and caries findings, oral rinse active matrix metalloproteinase-8 levels, and tooth eruption were recorded. The intervention groups were compared with χ2 and Mann-Whitney U tests. Associations of the oral health outcomes were evaluated with correlation analysis and logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the children (median age 7.4 years, 51% boys), 56% belonged to the 30 µg intervention group. Developmental defect of enamel (DDE) was found in 39% of the children in the 10 µg intervention group and in 53% of the 30 µg group (p = 0.104). In total, 94% of children were vitamin D sufficient (25[OH]D ≥50 nmol/L) and 88% had caries-free teeth. No associations were found between vitamin D intervention group in infancy and oral health or the presence of DDE. CONCLUSION: Daily supplementation with 10 µg vitamin D3 in the Northern Hemisphere seems adequate in healthy children younger than 2 years in ensuring good oral health at early school age.

Lingonberries-General and Oral Effects on the Microbiome and Inflammation.

Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis ideae L.) is a low-bush wild plant found in the northern hemisphere. The berries are used in traditional medicine in Finland to treat oral yeast infections. General and oral effects of lingonberries on the microbiome and inflammation are reviewed. A brief introduction to oral microbiome symbiosis and dysbiosis, innate and adaptive immunity and inflammation are included, and special features in microbe/host interactions in the oral environment are considered. In vitro anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and in vivo mouse and human studies are included, focusing on the symbiotic effect of lingonberries on oral and general health.

Lingonberry polyphenols: Potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors as nutraceutical tools?

Proposed pathway of the effect of lingonberry polyphenols on oral microbial (viral) load reduction and consequent beneficial local and systemic (respiratory tract) anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial/antiviral effects.

The Impacts of Fish Oil and/or Probiotic Intervention on Low-Grade Inflammation, IGFBP-1 and MMP-8 in Pregnancy: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the impact of fish oil and/or probiotics on serum and vaginal inflammatory and metabolic proteins and their relation to the onset of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS: Overweight/obese pregnant women received fish oil + placebo, probiotics + placebo, fish oil + probiotics or placebo + placebo from early pregnancy until six months postpartum (fish oil: 1.9 g docosahexaenoic acid and 0.22 g eicosapentaenoic acid; probiotics: Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis 420, 1010 colony-forming units each). Serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and serum/vaginal (s/v) phosphorylated insulin-like growth factor binding-protein-1 (phIGFBP-1), IGFBP-1 and matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8) were analyzed. GDM was diagnosed according to 2 h 75 g OGTT. RESULTS: The intervention had no impact on the change in proteins during pregnancy. Nevertheless, s-MMP-8 decreased and s-IGFBP-1 increased more in obese than in overweight women in the fish oil + probiotics group, while a decrease in s-MMP-8 was seen in obese women and an increase was seen in overweight women in the probiotics + placebo group. The late pregnancy s-phIGFBP-1 was higher in women who developed GDM in fish oil + probiotics-group compared to fish oil + placebo-group. The concentrations of s-phIGFBP-1 (635.9 ± 315.3 ng/mL vs. 753.2 ± 335.1 ng/mL, p = 0.005) and s-IGFBP-1 (3.78 ± 0.72 ng/mL vs. 3.96 ± 0.69 ng/mL, p = 0.042) were lower in early pregnancy in women who developed GDM than in women remaining healthy. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention per se had no impact on the proteins, but obesity and GDM may modify the effect. IGFBPs may affect the development of GDM.

The effect of subantimicrobial-dose-doxycycline periodontal therapy on serum biomarkers of systemic inflammation: a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis has been reported to be associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). Research is needed to determine if therapies that improve periodontal health also reduce systemic measures of inflammation associated with both diseases. METHODS: The study registrar randomly assigned 128 eligible postmenopausal women with chronic periodontitis to a twice-daily regimen of subantimicrobial-dose-doxycycline (SDD) or placebo tablets for two years as an adjunct to periodontal maintenance therapy. Through a supplement to the main trial, in which they investigated alveolar bone and clinical attachment level changes, the authors assayed inflammatory mediators and lipid profiles in baseline, one-year and two-year serum samples. The authors analyzed the data by using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: In the intent-to-treat analysis across two years, SDD treatment reduced median high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) by 18 percent (primary outcome; P = .02) and reduced serum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 (92 kilodalton gelatinase; difference in mean scanning units, -28.44; P < .001), with no significant effect on serum lipids. However, in women more than five years postmenopausal, SDD elevated the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (difference in means [milligrams per deciliter], 5.99; P = .01). CONCLUSION: A two-year SDD regimen in postmenopausal women significantly reduced the serum inflammatory biomarkers hs-CRP and MMP-9 and, among women more than five years postmenopausal, increased the HDL cholesterol level. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: SDD significantly reduced the systemic inflammatory biomarkers hs-CRP and MMP-9. More research is needed to determine whether SDD has a role in managing the care of patients at risk of developing CAD.

The effects of selective COX-2 inhibitor/celecoxib and omega-3 fatty acid on matrix metalloproteinases, TIMP-1, and laminin-5gamma2-chain immunolocalization in experimental periodontitis.

BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important roles in tissue-destruction mechanisms-associated periodontitis. MMP-8 and -13 are the predominant collagenases that are important in the extracellular matrix degradation in periodontal tissues. MMP-14 is a membrane-type MMP, whereas laminin-5 indicates basal membrane modification and epithelial induction. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of celecoxib and omega-3 fatty acid administration on the gingival tissue expression of MMP-8, -13, and -14, tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1, and laminin (Ln)-5gamma2-chain in rat experimental periodontitis induced by Escherichia coli endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]). METHODS: Experimental periodontitis was induced in rats by repeated LPS injection. Fifty-one adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six study groups: saline control, LPS, LPS + celecoxib, LPS + therapeutic omega-3 (TO3), prophylactic omega-3 + LPS + omega-3 (P+TO3), and LPS + celecoxib + omega-3 fatty acid. Celecoxib and omega-3 fatty acid were given as a single agent or as combination therapy for 14 days. On day 15, all rats were sacrificed, and gingival tissues were analyzed immunohistochemically for the expression of MMP-8, -13, and -14, TIMP-1, and Ln-5gamma2-chain. Alveolar bone loss was evaluated morphometrically under a stereomicroscope. Data were tested statistically by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests and Spearman correlation analysis. RESULTS: Alveolar bone loss was significantly higher in all study groups compared to the saline control group (all P <0.01). MMP-8 expression was significantly higher in the LPS group than in the saline group (P = 0.001). Very low expression of MMP-8 was found in the celecoxib, P+TO3, and combination groups. TO3 increased TIMP-1 expression significantly compared to the LPS group (P <0.05). Individual celecoxib and P+TO3 administration increased MMP-14 significantly compared to saline control and LPS groups (P <0.05). No significant differences were found among the study groups with regard to Ln-5gamma2-chain and MMP-13 expressions (P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, prophylactic omega-3 fatty acid, and a combination of these two agents can inhibit gingival tissue MMP-8 expression. Moreover, the individual administration of therapeutic omega-3 may increase gingival TIMP-1 expression in contrast to no effect on MMP-8, -13, and -14 expressions in experimental periodontitis. These experimental findings in a rat model of LPS-induced periodontitis need to be verified by clinical human studies.