Additive effect of Lygodium venustum SW. in association with gentamicin.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the interactions between gentamicin and the ethanol extract of the fern Lygodium venustum SW (EELV). The ethanol extract of L. venustum was obtained, the phytocompounds were identified and the EELV was assayed by the checkerboard method with gentamicin against two bacterial strains multiresistant to antibiotics. The antibiotic activity of gentamicin, when associated with the extract, was enhanced in an additive manner against both strains. The results indicated that L. venustum can be a source of secondary metabolites to be used in association with antibiotics as aminoglycosides in the antibiotic chemotherapy against resistant bacteria.

Citotocixidade e atividade antiparasitária de Lygodium venustum SW / Cytotoxic and antiparasitic activity of Lygodium venustum SW

. Doenþas parasitárias infecciosas como leishmaniose e doenþa de Chagas tem se difundido nas últimas décadas a locais onde antes nÒo se observava sua ocorrÛncia. SÒo consideradas negligenciadas por assolarem países pobres e serem marginalizadas farmacologicamente. O tratamento nÒo apresenta muitas opþ§es de fármacos e estes demonstram relevante toxicidade contribuindo para o aparecimento de diversos efeitos colaterais. A pesquisa com produtos naturais tem se mostrado uma interessante alternativa para a procura por novos fármacos. Lygodium venustum é uma samambaia cosmopolita de hábito lianescente encontrada na encosta na Chapada do Araripe, considerada por algumas populaþ§es americanas como planta medicinal para o tratamento de dermatoses, infecþ§es, micoses e tricomoníases. Neste estudo foi avaliada sua atividade anti-parasitária contra Leishmania brasiliensis e Trypanosoma cruzi, bem como sua citotoxicidade através de ensaios n vitro. Foram testadas a fraþÒo hexÔnica e o extrato etanólico obtido das folhas de Lygodium venustum em diferentes concentraþ§es. Para os testes in vitro de T. cruzi, foi utilizado o clone CL-B5 e para Leishmania brasiliensis foram utilizadas formas promastigotas. O ensaio de citotoxicidade foi realizado com linhagens de fbroblastos. L. venustum nÒo apresentou atividade antiparasitária clinicamente relevante na forma de extrato etanólico bruto nem como fraþÒo hexÔnica contra Leishmania. A fraþÒo hexÔnica apresentou uma atividade intermediária contra T. cruzi, porém a concentraþÒo de efeito moderado possui citotoxicidade máxima tornando-se inviável para aplicaþÒo clínica. Entretanto, a citoxicicidade apresentada poderá ser útil em pesquisas sobre atividade antineoplásica em células tumorais.(AU)

Infectious and parasitic diseases like leishmaniasis and Chagas disease have spreading recent decades to places not observed before. They are considered neglected by desolating poor countries and marginalized pharmacologically. There are not many options for the treatment and these drugs have shown signifcant toxicity contributing to the appearance of several side effects. Research on natural products has been shown to be an interesting alternative to the search for new drugs. Lygodium venustum is a cosmopolitan fern with latescence habit found on the Chapada do Araripe, considered by some American popula-tions as a medicinal plant for the treatment of skin diseases, infections, fungal infections and trichomoniasis. This study evaluated its antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania brasiliensis, as well as its cytotoxicity through trials in vitro. We tested the ethanolic extract and hexane fraction obtained from the leaves of L. venustum at different concentrations. For in vitro tests of T. cruzi, we used the clone CL-B5 and for L. brasiliensis we used promastigotes. The cytotoxicity assay was performed with strains of fbroblasts. L.venustum showed no antiparasitic activity clinically relevant in the form of crude ethanolic extractor as the hexane fraction against Leishmania. The hexane fraction showed an intermediate activity against T.cruzi, but the concentration of moderate effect has maximum cytotoxicity becoming unfeasible for clinical application. However, the cytotoxicity presented may be useful in research on antineoplastic activity in tumor cells.(AU)

Citotocixidade e atividade antiparasitária de Lygodium venustum SW / Cytotoxic and antiparasitic activity of Lygodium venustum SW

. Doenças parasitárias infecciosas como leishmaniose e doença de Chagas tem se difundido nas últimas décadas a locais onde antes não se observava sua ocorrência. São consideradas negligenciadas por assolarem países pobres e serem marginalizadas farmacologicamente. O tratamento não apresenta muitas opções de fármacos e estes demonstram relevante toxicidade contribuindo para o aparecimento de diversos efeitos colaterais. A pesquisa com produtos naturais tem se mostrado uma interessante alternativa para a procura por novos fármacos. Lygodium venustum é uma samambaia cosmopolita de hábito lianescente encontrada na encosta na Chapada do Araripe, considerada por algumas populações americanas como planta medicinal para o tratamento de dermatoses, infecções, micoses e tricomoníases. Neste estudo foi avaliada sua atividade anti-parasitária contra Leishmania brasiliensis e Trypanosoma cruzi, bem como sua citotoxicidade através de ensaios n vitro. Foram testadas a fração hexânica e o extrato etanólico obtido das folhas de Lygodium venustum em diferentes concentrações. Para os testes in vitro de T. cruzi, foi utilizado o clone CL-B5 e para Leishmania brasiliensis foram utilizadas formas promastigotas. O ensaio de citotoxicidade foi realizado com linhagens de fbroblastos. L. venustum não apresentou atividade antiparasitária clinicamente relevante na forma de extrato etanólico bruto nem como fração hexânica contra Leishmania. A fração hexânica apresentou uma atividade intermediária contra T. cruzi, porém a concentração de efeito moderado possui citotoxicidade máxima tornando-se inviável para aplicação clínica. Entretanto, a citoxicicidade apresentada poderá ser útil em pesquisas sobre atividade antineoplásica em células tumorais.

Infectious and parasitic diseases like leishmaniasis and Chagas disease have spreading recent decades to places not observed before. They are considered neglected by desolating poor countries and marginalized pharmacologically. There are not many options for the treatment and these drugs have shown signifcant toxicity contributing to the appearance of several side effects. Research on natural products has been shown to be an interesting alternative to the search for new drugs. Lygodium venustum is a cosmopolitan fern with latescence habit found on the Chapada do Araripe, considered by some American popula-tions as a medicinal plant for the treatment of skin diseases, infections, fungal infections and trichomoniasis. This study evaluated its antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania brasiliensis, as well as its cytotoxicity through trials in vitro. We tested the ethanolic extract and hexane fraction obtained from the leaves of L. venustum at different concentrations. For in vitro tests of T. cruzi, we used the clone CL-B5 and for L. brasiliensis we used promastigotes. The cytotoxicity assay was performed with strains of fbroblasts. L.venustum showed no antiparasitic activity clinically relevant in the form of crude ethanolic extractor as the hexane fraction against Leishmania. The hexane fraction showed an intermediate activity against T.cruzi, but the concentration of moderate effect has maximum cytotoxicity becoming unfeasible for clinical application. However, the cytotoxicity presented may be useful in research on antineoplastic activity in tumor cells.

Phenol composition, cytotoxic and anti-kinetoplastidae activities of Lygodium venustum SW. (Lygodiaceae).

The search for new therapeutic agents has been a constant for the treatment of diseases such as leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. Most drugs used have side effects, justifying the need to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the tested products for candidates to new drugs. In this study, the bioactivity of Lygodium venustum, a cosmopolitan fern of Lygodiaceae, was assessed about their leishmanicidal and trypanocidal potential. The better activity was observed using methanol fraction, with inhibition percentage of 63% and 68% for promastigotes and epimastigotes, respectively, at a concentration of 500 µg/mL. The ethyl acetate and methanol fractions demonstrated a higher cytotoxic potential. This was the first report of leishmanicidal, trypanocidal and cytotoxic activities to L. venustum.

Atividade antibacteriana, antifúngica e moduladora da atividade antimicrobiana de frações obtidas de Lygodium venustum SW / Antibacterial, antifungal and antimicrobial modulatory activities of fractions from Lygodium venustum SW

The traditional use of plants in popular medicine has also indicated the way in the search for pharmacological agents. The need for new drugs is evidenced by the strong resistance of microorganisms. The fern Lygodium venustum had its antimicrobial potential measured, in this work, by the broth microdilution method. Its ability to modulate the action of antibiotics was also tested. Its hexane, dichloromethane and methanol fractions obtained from the ethanolic extract of fresh leaves were assayed. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was evaluated from the standard strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei. To check the modulating activity of antibiotics were used multi-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa, E. coli and S. aureus and the same yeast strains used in CIM. The drugs used in modulating were antifungal and aminoglycosides. All results showed MIC >1024ug/mL activity. The fractions neither enhanced the action of antifungal agents against strains of Candida, nor the aminoglycosides against P. aeruginosa. However, interesting results potentiating the action of these were obtained against the E. coli and S. aureus. Such results suggest that secondary metabolites which are in this plant may be used to create new drugs in combination with aminoglycosides. This was the first report of activity-modifying action of antibiotics for fractions obtained from a fern family Lygodiaceae.

O tradicional uso das plantas na medicina popular vem indicando um caminho na busca de agentes farmacológicos. A necessidade de novos fármacos é evidenciada pela acentuada resistência dos microorganismos. A samambaia Lygodium venustum teve neste trabalho seu potencial antimicrobiano avaliado através do método de microdiluição em caldo. Também foi testada a sua capacidade de modular a ação de antibióticos. Foram ensaiadas suas frações hexânica, diclorometano e metanólica obtidas a partir do extrato etanólico das folhas frescas. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima foi avaliada frente às linhagens padrões de Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, Candida krusei e Candida tropicalis. Na verificação da atividade moduladora de antibióticos foram utilizadas linhagens multirresistentes de P. aeruginosa, E. coli e S. aureus e as mesmas linhagens fúngicas utilizadas na CIM. As drogas usadas na modulação foram antifúngicos e aminoglicosídeos. Todos os resultados da CIM demonstraram atividade > 1024ug/mL. As frações não potencializaram a ação dos antifúngicos contra as linhagens de Candida, nem dos aminoglicosídeos frente à P. aeruginosa. Porém, interessantes resultados potencializando a ação destes foram obtidos frente à E. coli e S. aureus. Tais resultados sugerem que metabólitos secundários existentes no vegetal poderão ser utilizados para constituição de novas drogas em associação com aminoglicosídeos. Este foi o primeiro relato de atividade modificadora da ação de antibióticos por frações obtidas de uma pteridófita da família Lygodiaceae.

Evaluation of the anti-Leishmania activity of ethanol extract and fractions of the leaves from Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) link.

Leishmaniasis is caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania. Recent reports about leishmaniasis show a few number of drugs available, indicating the necessity of new drugs. In this study, the ethanol extract and fractions of Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) link. (Pteridaceae) were assayed to verify the cytotoxicity and in vitro leishmanicidal activity against promastigote forms of Leishmania brasiliensis. The cytotoxic assay was performed using fibroblasts NCTC929. The studies indicated a leishmanicidal effect of the ethanol extract and the ethyl-acetate fraction. However, a high cytotoxic effect was observed. The hexane and methanol fractions did not show leishmanicidal activity, nor cytotoxic effect. The phytochemical screening detected the presence of alkaloids, a class of secondary metabolites with a known leishmanicidal activity. This is the first study reporting an anti-Leishmania and cytotoxic effect of P. calomelanos, being an interesting approach in the search for drugs against this disease.

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of the Decoction of Tropidurus hispidus (Spix, 1825) and Tropidurus semitaeniatus (Spix, 1825) Used by the Traditional Medicine.

Tropidurus hispidus and Tropidurus semitaeniatus are two lizard species utilized in traditional medicine in Northeast Brazil. Their medicinal use includes diseases related with bacterial infections such as tonsillitis and pharyngitis. They are used in the form of teas (decoctions) for the treatment of illnesses. In this work, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the decoctions of T. hispidus (DTH) and T. semitaeniatus (DTS) against bacterial strains, namely, standard and multiresistant Escherichia coli, Staphylococus aureus, and Pseudomonas aureuginosa, alone and in combination with aminoglycoside antibiotics. The decoctions were prepared using the whole body of the dried lizards, and the filtrate was frozen and lyophilized. When tested alone, the samples did not demonstrate any substantial inhibition of bacterial growth. However, in combination with antibiotics as aminoglycosides, decoctions reduced the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the assayed antibiotics against multiresistant strains of S. aureus and P. aureuginosa. Chemical prospecting tests revealed the presence of alkaloids in DTS. This is the first study evaluating the medicinal efficacy of T. hispidus and T. semitaeniatus and contributes to the list of new sources of medicines from natural products of animal origin.

Modulation of the norfloxacin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus by Croton campestris A. and Ocimum gratissimum L.

INTRODUCTION: Some species of Staphylococcus are often recognized as etiological agents of many animal and human opportunistic infections. This study is the first test of change in resistance of antibiotic activity by Croton campestris A. and Ocimum gratissimum L. against multiresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. OBJECTIVE: In this study, the hexane and methanol extract of Croton campestris A. and Ocimum gratissimum L. was tested for antibacterial activity alone and in combination with norfloxacin against the strain SA1199B. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the modulatory effect of extracts was assayed using microtitre assay. RESULTS: By the fact of the MIC observed was not clinically relevant (MIC= 512 to ≥1.024 µg/ml), the antibiotic activity of norfloxacin was enhanced when this antibiotic was combined with sub-inhibitory concentrations of extracts, mainly the hexane extracts. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the assayed extracts present compounds that can be used as a putative efflux pump inhibitor, indicating that Croton campestris A. and Ocimum gratissimum L. can be a source of plant derived products with antibiotic modifier activity.