Hyperbaric oxygen: a means of decreasing ischemic epiphyseal damage in a pediatric rabbit model.

The effect of hyperbaric oxygen on epiphyseal ischemia was evaluated using a pediatric rabbit model. Forty-five animals were compared in this study: 23 from a control pilot study and 22 hyperbaric exposed animals. In each animal the right distal femoral and proximal tibial epiphyses were isolated on a popliteal vascular pedicle. The left leg acted as the control. The growth difference between the rabbit's hindlimbs was the means of comparison throughout the groups established. Warm ischemia was induced by applying a vascular clamp to the right popliteal artery for 12 hours (20 animals) and 7 hours (17 animals). The remaining 8 animals underwent a sham operation without interruption of epiphyseal perfusion. On completion of the ischemic period hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) was performed on 12 12-hour (12h-HBOT) and 10 7-hour (7h-HBOT) animals at 2 atmospheres for 90 minutes twice per day for 4 postoperative days. The animals were killed on either postoperative day 14 or 90. Measurement of longitudinal bone growth was performed on the 90-day animals from serial radiographs at the time of surgery and then at 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months after surgery. There was no significant difference in longitudinal bone growth between the sham-operated and the 7h-HBOT animals at 1, 2, and 3 months. There was a statistically significant difference, however, between the normal growth of the 7h-HBOT group compared with the abnormal growth of the 7-hour, 12-hour, and 12h-HBOT animals. Histology was consistent, with the bone growth data demonstrating relative normalcy of the 7h-HBOT group epiphyseal plates versus severe architectural aberrance and necrosis of the 12h-HBOT group epiphyses. Our experimental data indicate that a clinical trial should be instituted using HBO for pediatric replantation patients when warm ischemia exceeds 7 hours. (J Hand Surg 2000; 25A:159-165.

Survival of normothermic microvascular flaps after prolonged secondary ischemia: effects of hyperbaric oxygen.

Although hyperbaric oxygen has been shown to improve the survival rate of ischemic grafts and flaps of many types, it has not been studied extensively in free tissue transfer. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen on flap survival when exposed to critical combinations of primary ischemia, reperfusion, and secondary ischemia times. Unilateral abdominal adipocutaneous island flaps based on the superficial inferior epigastric vessels were raised in 133 Sprague-Dawley rats. Primary normothermic ischemia was induced by applying a microvascular clamp to the vascular pedicle for 6 hours. The clamp was removed for 2 hours of reperfusion and then reapplied for a 6-, 10-, or 14-hour period of secondary ischemia. After completion of the secondary ischemia time, the clamp was removed, and the animals were randomly assigned to one of three treatment regimens. The control animals breathed normobaric air, and the others breathed normobaric 100% oxygen or hyperbaric oxygen (100% oxygen at the equivalent of 33 feet of seawater, 2.0 atmospheres absolute), respectively, for two periods of 90 minutes for 7 days. Flap survival was assessed at postoperative day 7 and was found to be an all-or-none phenomenon. Maximum likelihood-derived survival curves were fitted to the data and used to calculate the secondary ischemic time at which 50% of the flaps survived (D50). The D50 for the air and 100% oxygen groups was 6 hours, whereas that for the hyperbaric oxygen group was 10 hours. This difference in D50 was found to be statistically significant (analysis of variance, p < 0.05). Chi-squared statistical evaluation of pooled data reaffirmed a statistically significant increase in flap survival of the animals treated with hyperbaric oxygen vs. those treated with air or 100% oxygen (p < 0.03 and p < 0.01, respectively). Hyperbaric oxygen enhances the tolerance of normothermic, microvascular flaps to prolonged secondary ischemia. A similar effect was not noted in the 100% oxygen group; therefore the additional expense and technology of a hyperbaric chamber system is necessary to achieve this effect.