RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe creatine supplementation patterns and behaviors associated with creatine supplementation in high school football players. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, multisite, anonymous, descriptive survey was conducted between October 1999 and February 2000. SETTING: 37 public high schools in Wisconsin. SUBJECTS: A total of 1,349 high school football players, grades 9-12. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported prevalence of creatine use, as well as perceived benefits and risks. In addition, sources of information and influence regarding creatine supplementation were assessed. RESULTS: 30% of the respondents reported using creatine. Creatine use was lowest in the 9th grade (10.4%) and highest in the 12th grade (50.5%). 41% of the players at small schools stated they used creatine compared with 29% of the players in large schools. Enhanced recovery following a workout was the most likely perceived benefit of creatine supplementation, while dehydration was cited most often as a risk of creatine use. Users were encouraged to take creatine most often by their friends while their parents discouraged creatine use. CONCLUSIONS: Creatine use is widespread in high school football players. High school football players who use creatine may not be aware of the risks and benefits associated with creatine supplementation. Sports medicine professionals who work with this population need to educate athletes, coaches, and parents about the use of creatine as a performance-enhancing supplement.
Asunto(s)
Creatina/administración & dosificación , Suplementos Dietéticos/estadística & datos numéricos , Fútbol Americano/estadística & datos numéricos , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Béisbol/estadística & datos numéricos , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Creatina/efectos adversos , Estudios Transversales , Deshidratación/inducido químicamente , Femenino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inducido químicamente , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Relaciones Interpersonales , Masculino , Calambre Muscular/inducido químicamente , Músculo Esquelético/efectos de los fármacos , Prevalencia , Distribución Aleatoria , Instituciones Académicas , Distribución por Sexo , Wisconsin/epidemiologíaAsunto(s)
Lantano , Neptunio , Cintigrafía , Samario , Sarcoma 180/diagnóstico , Uranio , Iterbio , Animales , Bleomicina , Ratones , Radioisótopos , Ratas , Sarcoma de Yoshida/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Fibroblasts grown in medium containing less than 1 microg of ascorbic acid per milliliter showed evidence of ascorbic acid deficiency when compared with cells grown in medium containing 50 microg of ascorbic acid per milliliter. This was manifested morphologically by dilated endoplasmic reticulum, a decrease in number, size, and intensity of staining of the mitochondria, by defective intercellular fibril formation, and by easy disaggregation of the cells from the intercellular matrix after treatment with pronase. When 50 microg per milliliter of ascorbic acid was incorporated into the medium, the altered morphology was corrected, banded fibrils were produced which were organized into bundles, and the cells were tightly bound in a matrix which was resistant to disaggregation with a variety of proteolytic enzymes. Collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis were less in the control than in the ascorbic acid supplemented cells. Similar morphological and chemical changes have been reported in the connective tissue of scorbutic animals. The effects of low ascorbic acid concentration on fibroblasts in culture indicate that these cells require ascorbic acid to maintain connective tissue functions.