The traditional herb Polygonum hydropiper from China: a comprehensive review on phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and applications.

CONTEXT: Polygonum hydropiper L. (Polygonaceae) (PH) is a traditional Chinese traditional medicine with a pungent flavor and mild drug properties. PH is mainly distributed in the channel tropism in the stomach and large intestine. PH has multiple uses and can be used to treat a variety of diseases for a long time. OBJECTIVE: This review summarizes the phytochemical and pharmacological activities, and applications of PH from 1980 to 2022. We also provide suggestions for promoting further research and developing additional applications of PH. METHODS: The data and information on PH from 1980 to 2022 reviewed in this article were obtained from scientific databases, including Science Direct, PubMed, Science Citation Index, SciFinder Scholar (SciFinder), Springer, American Chemical Society (ACS) Publications, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), etc. Some information was obtained from classic literature on traditional Chinese medicines. The search terms were Polygonum hydropiper, phytochemistry compositions of Polygonum hydropiper, pharmacological activities of Polygonum hydropiper, and applications of Polygonum hydropiper. RESULTS: The comprehensive analysis of the literature resulted in 324 compounds being isolated, identified, and reported from PH. Regarding traditional uses, the majority of phytochemical and pharmacological studies have indicated the diverse bioactivities of PH extracts, flavonoids, and volatile oil elements, including antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. CONCLUSIONS: PH has a long history of diversified medicinal uses, some of which have been verified in modern pharmacological studies. Further detailed studies are required to establish scientific and reasonable quality evaluation standards and action mechanisms of active constituents from PH.

[Study on drug properties of Arisaematis Rhizoma and Arisaema Cum Bile based on substance and energy metabolism in normal and cold/heat syndrome model rats].

This paper clarified the scientific connotation of the changes in cold and heat properties of Arisaematis Rhizoma and Arisaema Cum Bile through investigating the changes of substance and energy metabolism after drug intervention in the rats with normal and cold/heat syndrome, so as to improve the method of evaluating the drug properties of Chinese medicine. After one week of adaptive feeding, healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into three parts: normal rats, heat syndrome rat models, and cold syndrome rat models. Through ice water bath and oral euthyrox(120 µg·kg~(-1)), the models of cold syndrome and heat syndrome were induced, respectively. The models were made at 9:00 am. and administrated by gavage at 3:00 pm. every day. All administration groups were administrated with Arisaematis Rhizoma and Arisaema Cum Bile decoction, respectively, and the blank group was given the same dose of normal saline. After continuous administration for 15 d, the rats were anesthetized by chloral hydrate, blood was taken from abdominal aorta, and the hearts and livers were removed and stored at-80 ℃. The changes in the body weight and anal temperature of rats during administration were detected, and the liver coefficient of rats was detected after removing the liver. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was adopted to detect the expression level of the indexes related to substance and energy metabolism in liver and heart of rat, and Western blot was used to detect the expression of key proteins in AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway for further verification. The results showed that Arisaematis Rhizoma enhanced the expression level of enzymes related to substance and energy metabolism in the normal and cold and heat syndrome rat models, and increased anal temperature, which exhibited warm(hot) drug property. Arisaema Cum Bile inhibited the level of substance and energy metabolism in rats, and reduced anal temperature, which showed cold(cool) drug property. Chinese Pharmacopoeia has recorded "Arisaematis Rhizoma has warm property and Arisaema Cum Bile has cool property", which is consistent with the phenomenon in this study. Therefore, it is feasible to evaluate the drug properties of Chinese medicine based on the substance and energy metabolism of normal and cold/heat syndrome model rats, which completes the method of evaluating drug properties of Chinese medicine.

Cattle Bile Arisaema Aqueous Extracts Protect Against Febrile Seizures in Rats Through Regulating Neurotransmitters and Suppressing Neuroinflammation.

Cattle bile Arisaema (CBA) is a traditional medicine used for the treatment of febrile seizures (FS) for thousands of years in China. However, its application is greatly limited due to cost reasons, and pig bile Arisaema (PBA) is the main commercial product instead. Additionally, the underlying mechanism of CBA for the treatment of FS still remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the anti-convulsant effect and potential mechanism of the CBA aqueous extract for the first time through a hot-water bath-induced FS rat model. Our results showed that pre-treatment with CBA dramatically lowered the incidence rate and generation times and prolonged the latency of FS. In addition, CBA effectively ameliorated neuronal damage and regulated neurotransmitter disorder induced by FS in the rat hippocampus. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting, immunohistochemical, and qRT-PCR results exhibited that CBA suppressed the expression of GFAP, TLR4, NF-κB, HMGB1, NLRP3, TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 and consequently inhibited the neuroinflammation induced by FS. Interestingly, although the CBA and PBA aqueous extracts possessed the same trend on the changes caused by FS, the improvement of FS by CBA is markedly better than that by PBA. These findings indicate that CBA exerts a protective effect on febrile seizures through regulating neurotransmitter disorder and suppressing neuroinflammation.

Two new dammarane-type triterpenoids from the green walnut husks of Juglans mandshurica Maxim.

Two new dammarane-type triterpenoids, dammar-3α,12(R),20(S)-triol-12,32(R);20,32-diepoxy-25-methy-25-en-tridecacyclic ether (1) and (23E)-12ß,20(R),25(S),26-tetrahydroxydammar-23-en-3-one (2) were isolated from the green walnut husks of Juglans mandshurica Maxim together with six known compounds. Their structures were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with the literature, and the cytotoxic activities of these compounds were evaluated.

Two new terpenes from the aerial parts of Clematis chinensis Osbeck.

Two new acyclic sesquiterpenoids (1-2) and fourteen known monocyclic monoterpenoids (3-16) were isolated from the aerial parts of Clematis chinensis Osbeck. All compounds were isolated from C. chinensis for the first time. The structures of all compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods (1 D, 2 D NMR and HRESIMS). In-vitro cytotoxic activity against two human cancer cell lines (MGC-803 and Ishikawa) of all the compounds were evaluated by CCK-8 assay.

Antipharyngitis Effects of Syringa oblata L. Ethanolic Extract in Acute Pharyngitis Rat Model and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ir-Idoids in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Cells.

Acute pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharyngeal mucous membrane and submucous lymphoid tissues. Unsatisfactory treatment and repeated occurrences might cause chronic pharyngitis and other complications. Syringa oblata L. (S. oblata) is a traditional Chinese medicine that exhibited a significant therapeutic effect on various inflammatory diseases. Its commercial drug Yan Li Xiao (YLX) capsule is used as a cure for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as bacillary dysentery, tonsillitis, bronchitis, and acute gastroenteritis. However, studies about S. oblata relieving acute pharyngitis are rare. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze the chemical profile of S. oblata, and the bioactive phytoconstituents were isolated and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry. An ammonia-induced acute pharyngitis rat model was established to estimate the protective effect of S. oblata in vivo for the first time. The severity of pharyngitis was observed by appearance index and HE staining. The cytokines expression was performed by ELISA. Crucial proteins expression associated with TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways were analyzed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effect of isolated compounds was evaluated by suppressing lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced NO generation and regulating the cytokines levels in RAW 264.7 cells. The results showed that S. oblata exhibited a protective effect in the ammonia-induced acute pharyngitis rat model, and the compounds exert potential anti-inflammatory properties against LPS-activated RAW 254.7 cells.

Ecdysteroids from the Aerial Parts of Paris verticillata.

Two new ecdysteroids 14-epi-polypodine B (1) and 22-oxo-hydroxyecdysterone (2), along with nine known compounds, polypodine B (3), viticosterone E (4), 20-hdroxyecdysone-2-acetate (5), 22-oxo-20-hydroxyecdysone (6), 5-hydroxyecdysone (7), pinnatasterone (8), 3-epi-20-hydroxyecdysone (9), ecdysterone (10) and stachysterone B (11), were isolated from the aerial parts of Paris verticillata. The structures of all compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, quantum chemical calculations and ANN-PRA/DP4+ probability analysis. Among them, the absolute configuration of compound 1 and 2 was unambiguous determined by ECD. Also, the isolated compounds were assessed for their cytotoxic activities. Compounds 2, 3 and 7 exhibited significant cytotoxic activities against PC12, LN299 and SMCC7721 cells.

Five new sesquiterpenoids from the fruits of Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Harms.

Five new sesquiterpenoids named acasenterpene A-E (1-5) were isolated from the fruits of Acanthopanax senticosus. The structures of all compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data analyses (1D, 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS) combined with physico-chemical analysis methods (enzyme hydrolysis, optical rotation, and CD). The cytotoxicity of all compounds in vitro against four human cancer cell lines (MGC-803, Ishikawa, LN-229 and SMMC-7721) were evaluated by CCK-8 assay.

Lignans and Terpenoids from the Leaves of Schisandra chinensis.

Fifteen constituents, including one new lignan (schisandroside E) and one new terpenoid (schisandenoid A) as well as nine known lignans and four known terpenoids, were isolated from Schisandra chinensis leaves. The structures of schisandroside E and schisandenoid A were established by entirely meticulous spectroscopic analysis (NMR, MS, CD, IR and UV). All compounds were tested for cytotoxicity against MGC-803, Caco-2 and Ishikawa cell lines. Some compounds showed strong cytotoxicity against these three cancer cell lines with IC50 <1 µm.

Anti-inflammatory sesquiterpenoids from the leaves of Datura metel L.

Nine new (1-9) and three known (10-12) sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the ethanol-water (7:3, v/v) extract of the Datura metel L. leaves. The structures of 1-9 were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS. All isolates (1-12) were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity against the production of nitrogen oxide in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells and compound 5 possessed the best inhibitory effect among them, with the IC50 value reaching 9.33-11.67 µM, which was lower than positive control, L-NMMA, with IC50 range from 13.64 to 17.02 µM.

UPLC-MS/MS Identification and Quantification of Withanolides from Six Parts of the Medicinal Plant Datura Metel L.

Withanolides from six parts (flower, leaf, stem, root, seed, and peel) of Datura metel L. (D metel L.) obtained from ten production areas in China were identified and quantified by UPLC-MS/MS. A total of 85 withanolides were characterized for the first time using the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS system. Additionally, a simultaneous, rapid and accurate measurement method was developed for the determination of 22 bioactive withanolides from ten production areas with the UPLC-Q-TRAP-MS/MS system. The results show the total withanolide content is highest in the leaves (155640.0 ng/g) and lowest in the roots (14839.8 ng/g). Compared with other production areas, the total content of plants from Dujiangyan was the highest at 82013.9 ng/g (value range of ten areas: 82013.9-42278.5 ng/g). The results also show significant differences in the distribution of withanolides in the different plant parts, as well as across different production areas. This is a breakthrough report providing a simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of 22 withanolides in D. metel L. It could be the basis for the more rational use of various parts of D. metel L., and the expansion of medicinal resources. This work also lays a solid foundation for research on the quality control of D. metel L.

Sesquiterpenoids with diverse carbon skeletons from the sepals of Solanum melongena L.

Eight new sesquiterpenoids named melongenaterpenes M-T (1-8), together with nine known compounds (9-17), were isolated from the 70% ethanol extract of the sepals of Solanum melongena L. The structures of all isolated compounds were elucidated based on 1D and 2D NMR spectra and a comprehensive comparison of their spectroscopic and physical data with values from the published literatures. Meanwhile, the cytotoxicity of all the isolated compounds was evaluated on the three human cancer lines of Hela, Ishikawa and MGC-803 by CCK8 assay, respectively.

Immunosuppressive withanolides from the flower of Datura metel L.

Thirteen new withanolide aglycones, baimantuoluolines L-X (1-13) and one new withanolide glycoside, baimantuoluoside J (14) were isolated from Datura metel L. flowers. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by the detailed analysis of 1D and 2D NMR techniques and mass spectrometry, together with the closely related literatures. Meanwhile, all isolated compounds were evaluated for their immunosuppressive activities against mice splenocyte proliferation and antiproliferative activities against human gastric adenocarcinoma cells (SGC-7901), human hepatoma (HepG2), and human breast cancer (MCF-7) in vitro. It was found that compounds 1-14 showed obvious immunosupressive effects and some of them have moderated antiproliferative activities.

α-Tetralone glycosides from the green walnut husks of Juglans mandshurica Maxim. and their cytotoxic activities.

Five new α-tetralone glycosides, juglanbiosides A-E (1-5), together with an α-tetralone derivative (15) and nine known 1,4-naphthoquinones (6-14) were isolated from the 95% EtOH extract of green walnut husks of Juglans mandshurica Maxim. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic methods (1H, 13C NMR, DEPT, HSQC, HMBC, CD, HR-ESI-MS). In vitro cytotoxicities of all the isolated compounds were evaluated against BGC-823, HCT-15 and K562 cancer cell lines.[Formula: see text].

A new triterpene from the green walnut husks of Juglans mandshurica Maxim.

A new triterpene named klodorol B (1), together with six known compounds, were isolated from the green walnut husks of Juglans mandshurica Maxim. Their structures were determined using spectroscopic methods on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR, and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities on human gastric carcinoma (BGC-823), human liver cancer (HepG-2) and human lung cancer (A549) cell lines. .

[Study on lignans from Xanthii Fructus].

This project is to investigate lignans from the dried fruits of Xanthium sibiricum (Xanthii Fructus). The chemical constituents were extract by 70% ethanol and isolated by silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20, MCI column chromatography. Based on comparison of their spectral data with those reported in literature, they were elucidated as (-)-pinoresinol (1), balanophonin A (2), diospyrosin (3), dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (4), 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxo-1-propanol (5), (-)-simulanol (6), (-)-7R,8S-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (7), chushizisin E (8), dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (9), 7R,8S-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 4-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (10), erythro-1,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-propanediol (11), leptolepisol D (12), 8-O-4' neolignan 4-O-ß-glucopyranoside (13), (-)-1-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-2-{2-methoxy-4-[1-(E)-propen-3-ol]phenoxyl}-propane-3-ol(14), 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy)-phenyl-2-[4-(1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)-2-methoxy]-phenoxy-1,3-propandiol (15), threo-dihydroxy dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (16), (-)-(2R)-1-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-2-{2-methoxy-4-[(E)-formylviny1]phenoxyl} propane-3-ol (17). Compound 2-17 were isolated from the genus Xanthium for the first time. Compound 1 were isolated form Xanthii Fructus for the first time.

Pleurotus nebrodensis polysaccharide (PN-S) enhances the immunity of immunosuppressed mice.

In the present study, the effects of Pleurotus nebrodensis polysaccharide (PN-S) on the immune functions of immunosuppressed mice were determined. The immunosuppressed mouse model was established by treating the mice with cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg/2d, CY) through intraperitoneal injection. The results showed that PN-S administration significantly reversed the CY-induced weight loss, increased the thymic and splenic indices, and promoted proliferation of T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, and macrophages. PN-S also enhanced the activity of natural killer cells and increased the immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in the serum. In addition, PN-S treatment significantly increased the phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages. PN-S also increased the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (INF-γ), and nitric oxide (NOS) in splenocytes. qRT-PCR results also indicated that PN-S increased the mRNA expression of IL-6, TNF-α, INF-γ, and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the splenocytes. These results suggest that PN-S treatment enhances the immune function of immunosuppressed mice. This study may provide a basis for the application of this fungus in adjacent immunopotentiating therapy against cancer and in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression.

Blockade of emodin on amyloid-ß 25-35-induced neurotoxicity in AßPP/PS1 mice and PC12 cells through activation of the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Beclin-1/B-cell lymphoma 2 pathway.

Autophagy plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, the blockade mechanism of emodin on amyloid-ß 25-35-induced neurotoxicity was explored. Cell viability of PC12 cells was evaluated by the MTT assay and neuro damage by the lactate dehydrogenase leakage assay. Gene silencing by small interfering RNA, cDNA constructs and transfection, as well as Western blot were performed to assess protein expression levels. AßPP/PS1 mice were administered orally with emodin (50 mg/kg/day), and LC3-II positive cells in their brain cortex sections were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Emodin could significantly inhibit the LC3-I/LC3-II conversion ratio and cell viability while decreasing the lactate dehydrogenase level in AßPP/PS1 mice and PC12 cells. LC3II positive cells in the cortex were decreased significantly by the treatment with both emodin and 3-methyladenine. Furthermore, emodin and 3-methyladenine could increase B-cell lymphoma 2 while decreasing Beclin-1 and hVps34 expressions, which were induced by amyloid-ß 25-35. Small interfering gene silencing Beclin-1 and B-cell lymphoma 2 confirmed this signaling pathway. We also found that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 could block LC3-I/LC3-II conversion and increase B-cell lymphoma 2 while decreasing hVps34 and Beclin-1 expressions. The results suggest that the blockade of emodin on amyloid-ß 25-35-induced autophagy may occur via the activation of the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Beclin-1/B-cell lymphoma 2 pathway. Our results provide confirmatory evidence for the application of emodin in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Steroidal saponins from Paris polyphylla suppress adhesion, migration and invasion of human lung cancer A549 cells via down-regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9.

BACKGROUND: Tumor metastases are the main reasons for oncotherapy failure. Paris polyphylla (Chinese name: Chonglou) has traditionally been used for its anti-cancer actions. In this article, we focus on the regulation of human lung cancer A549 cell metastases and invasion by Paris polyphylla steroidal saponins (PPSS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cell viability was evaluated in A549 cells by MTT assay. Effects of PPSS on invasion and migration were investigated by wound-healing and matrigel invasion chamber assays. Adhesion to type IV collagen and laminin was evaluated by MTT assay. Expression and protease activity of two matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-2 and MMP-9, were analyzed by Western blotting and gelatin zymography, respectively. RESULTS: PPSS exerted growth inhibitory effects on A549 cells, and effectively inhibited A549 cell adhesion, migration and invasion in a concentration-dependent manner. Western blotting and gelatin zymography analysis revealed that PPSS inhibited the expression and secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in A549 cells. CONCLUSIONS: PPSS has the potential to suppress the migration, adhesion and invasion of A549 cells. PPSS could be a potential candidate for interventions against lung cancer metastases.