Green synthesis of nanostructures from rice straw food waste to improve the antimicrobial efficiency: New insight.

Applications for nanotechnology, which is constantly gaining prominence, have been found in a variety of industrial applications. Due to the multiple benefits associated with it, including an eco-friendly, pollution-free, cost-effective, and non-toxic synthesis method, the green way to synthesize nanostructures utilizing waste biomasses has become one of the key focuses of the current researches globally. Additionally, lignocellulasic biomass (LCB), which is a waste of the food crops, can be used as one of the potential substrates for the synthesis of a variety of nanostructures. Among different types of LCB, rice straw is a potential food waste biomass and can be efficiently employed during the synthesis of different types of nanostructures for a range of technological applications. Here, diverse phenolic compounds found in rice straw as well as reducing sugars can be used as natural reducing and capping agents to prepare a range of nanostructures. Based on the aforementioned facts, the objective of this review is to investigate the viability of using rice straw to produce nanostructured materials using rice straw as a renewable biosource following an environmentally friendly method. Additionally, it is noted that various organic compounds present on the surface of nanostructures produced using rice straw extract/hydrolyzate through a green approach may be more successful in terms of antibacterial efficacy, which might be of considerable interest for a variety of biomedical applications. Based on the possibility of enhancing the antimicrobial activity of developed nanostructures, the review also provides overview on the feasibility, characteristics, and availability of using rice straw extract in the synthesis of nanostructures. Additionally, the constraints of the present and potential futures of the green synthesis methods using rice straw wastes have been explored.

Enhancement in functional stability of microbial endoglanases produced using paddy straw via treatment with manganese oxide based porous nanocomposite synthesized from mixed fruit waste.

Microbial cellulases are the enzymes used in numerous industrial biotechnological applications. Efficiency of celluloytic cocktails plays a key role in the conversion of biomass into biofuels, but limited production, high cost and low efficiency are the main obstacles to sustainable biorefining. The current work aims to establish a feasible approach for boosting the production of fungal endoglucanse (EG) and its functional stability utilizing nanocomposite materials based on manganese oxide. Herein, aqueous extract from mixed fruit waste was used to synthesize the nanocomposite sample, which was subsequently subjected to several characterization techniques for analysis. Following the solid-state fermentation of paddy straw, and by employing 75 mg nanocomposite, 192 IU/gds EG was produced under the optimal conditions, while 19 IU/gds FP and 98 IU/gds BGL production were recorded. The crude EG enzyme treated with nanocomposite also shows complete stability at pH 5.0 for 3.5 h while retaining thermal activity at 70 °C for 4 h.

Preparation and optimization of aloe ferox gel loaded with Finasteride-Oregano oil nanocubosomes for treatment of alopecia.

Alopecia areata is a skin disorder characterized by scarless, localized hair loss that is usually managed by topical treatments that might further worsen the condition. Therefore, the current study aimed to develop nano-cubosomes loaded with finasteride (FI) and oregano oil (Or) to improve drug solubility and permeation through skin and then incorporate it into an aloe ferox gel base. An l-optimal coordinate exchange design was adopted to optimize nano-cubosomes. Phytantriol and Alkyl Acrylate were employed as the lipid material, and surfactant respectively for cubosomes manufacture. The produced formulations were assessed for their particle size, entrapment efficiency (EE%), FI steady-state flux (Jss) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Pro-pionibacterium acnes. Optimal FI-Or-NCu had a particle size of 135 nm, EE% equals 70%, Jss of 1.85 µg/cm2.h, and MIC of 0.44 µg/ml. The optimum formulation loaded gel gained the highest drug release percent and ex vivo skin permeation compared to FI aqueous suspension, and pure FI loaded gel. Aloe ferox and oregano oil in the optimized gel formulation had a synergistic activity on the FI permeation across the skin and against the growth of p. acne bacteria which could favor their use in treating alopecia. Thus, this investigation affirms the ability of FI-Or-NCu loaded aloe ferox gel could be an effective strategy that would enhance FI release and permeation through skin and maximize its favorable effects in treating alopecia.