Effect of photobiomodulation on maximal lactate production rate on swimmers: a randomized, crossover, double-blind and placebo-controlled study

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to verify the acute effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) on maximal lactate production rate (VLamax) in front crawl swimmers. Methods: Fifteen male swimmers (20.9 ± 2.4-year-old) participated in this study. Three sets of front crawls were performed at distances of 100-, 200- and 400-m under three experimental conditions: PBM (420 J), placebo (PLA) and control (C) in this randomized, crossover, double-blind and placebo-controlled study. PBM or PLA were applied or simulated before performance tests. One-way Anova for repeated measurements were used for statistical analyses. Results: The results showed that the prior PBM application did not affect VLamax in front crawl swimmers: VLamax 100-m (PBM = 0.20 ± 0.05 mmol·L-1·s-1; PLA = 0.20 ± 0.04 mmol·L-1·s-1 and C = 0.21 ± 0.04; mmol·L-1·s-1); 200-m (PBM = 0.09 ± 0.03 mmol·L-1·s-1; PLA = 0.08 ± 0.02 mmol·L-1·s-1 and C = 0.08 ± 0.02 mmol·L-1·s-1) and 400-m (PBM = 0.04 ± 0.01 mmol·L-1·s-1; PLA = 0.04 ± 0.01 mmol·L-1·s-1 and C = 0.03 ± 0.01 mmol·L-1·s-1). Nor effect swim time (ST) performance: ST 100 m (PBM = 65.5 ± 6.3 s; PLA = 65.2 ± 5.6 s; C = 66.0 ± 5.9 s); ST 200 m (PBM = 148.5 ± 17.9 s; PLA = 149.4 ± 16.4 s; C = 150.1 ± 17.9 s); ST 400 m (PBM = 327.7 ± 38.2 s; PLA = 321.6 ± 47.7 s; C = 329.5 ± 41.2 s). Conclusions: PBM application prior front crawl swimming tests did not significantly modify the VLamax on swimmers covering distances of 100-, 200- and 400-m.

Effect of Photobiomodulation on Critical Swimming Velocity: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Study.

PURPOSE: To analyze the acute effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) on swimming critical velocity (CV). METHODS: A total of 15 male federated swimmers (20.9 [2.4] y old) participated in this study. Three sets of front crawl were performed at distances of 100, 200, and 400 m to determine the CV under 3 experimental conditions: PBM (420 J), placebo (PLA), and control (C) in this randomized, crossover, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. One-way analysis of variance for repeated measurements was used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: The results showed that the prior application of PBM did not have ergogenic effects on CV and front crawl swimming performance: CV (PBM = 1.15 [0.15]; PLA = 1.20 [0.25]; C = 1.15 [0.14] m·s-1), swim time (ST) 100 m (PBM = 65.5 [6.3]; PLA = 65.2 [5.6]; C = 66.0 [5.9] s), ST 200 m (PBM = 148.5 [17.9]; PLA = 149.4 [16.4]; C = 150.1 [17.9] s), and ST 400 m (PBM = 327.7 [38.2]; PLA = 321.6 [47.7]; C = 329.5 [41.2] s). CONCLUSIONS: A PBM application prior to front crawl swimming test did not significantly modify the CV, ST, physiological factors of metabolic fatigue, perceptual, and front crawl stroke efficiency parameters in competition swimmers covering distances of 100, 200, and 400 m.

Direct electric current treatment modifies mitochondrial function and lipid body content in the A549 cancer cell line.

Electrochemical therapy (EChT) entails treatment of solid tumors with direct electric current (DC). This work evaluated the specific effects of anodic flow generated by DC on biochemical and metabolic features of the A549 human lung cancer cell line. Apoptosis was evaluated on the basis of caspase-3 activity and mitochondrial transmembrane potential dissipation. Cell morphology was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy, and lipid droplets were studied through morphometric analysis and X-ray qualitative elemental microanalysis. High-resolution respirometry was used to assess mitochondrial respiratory parameters. Results indicated A549 viability decreased in a dose-dependent manner with a prominent drop between 18 and 24h after treatment (p<0.001), together with a two-fold increase in caspase-3 activity. AF-treatment induced a significantly increase (p<0.01) in the cell number with disrupted mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Furthermore, treated cells demonstrated important ultrastructural mitochondria damage and a three-fold increase in the cytoplasmic lipid bodies' number, quantified by morphometrical analyses. Conversely, 24h after treatment, the cells presented a two-fold increase of residual oxygen consumption, accounting for 45.3% of basal oxygen consumption. These results show remarkable alterations promoted by anodic flow on human lung cancer cells which are possibly involved with the antitumoral effects of EChT.

L-tyrosine-loaded nanoparticles increase the antitumoral activity of direct electric current in a metastatic melanoma cell model.

Inhibition of tumor growth induced by treatment with direct electric current (DC) has been reported in several models. One of the mechanisms responsible for the antitumoral activity of DC is the generation of oxidative species, known as chloramines. With the aim of increasing chloramine production in the electrolytic medium and optimizing the antitumoral effects of DC, poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with the amino acid tyrosine were obtained. The physical-chemical characterization showed that the NPs presented size in nanometric range and monomodal distribution. A slightly negative electrokinetic potential was also found in both blank NPs and L-tyrosine-loaded PCL NPs. The yield of the loading process was approximately 50%. Within 3 h of dissolution assay, a burst release of about 80% L-tyrosine was obtained. The in vitro cytotoxicity of DC was significantly increased when associated with L-tyrosine-loaded NPs, using a murine multidrug-resistant melanoma cell line model. This study showed that the use of the combination of nanotechnology and DC has a promising antineoplastic potential and opens a new perspective in cancer therapy.

Mother's anxiety and depression and associated risk factors during early pregnancy: effects on fetal growth and activity at 20-22 weeks of gestation.

To examine effects of mother's anxiety and depression and associated risk factors during early pregnancy on fetal growth and activity. Repeated measures of mother's anxiety (State-Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S)) and depression (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)) and related socio demographics and substance consumption were obtained at the 1st and 2nd pregnancy trimesters, and fetus' (N = 147) biometric data and behavior was recorded during ultrasound examination at 20-22 weeks of gestation. Higher anxiety symptoms were associated to both lower fetal growth and higher fetal activity. While lower education, primiparity, adolescent motherhood, and tobacco consumption predicted lower fetal growth, coffee intake predicted lower fetal activity. Vulnerability of fetal development to mother's psychological symptoms as well as to other sociodemographic and substance consumption risk factors during early and mid pregnancy is suggested.

Influence of temperature variations on the entropy and correlation of the Grey-Level Co-occurrence Matrix from B-Mode images.

In this work, the feasibility of texture parameters extracted from B-Mode images were explored in quantifying medium temperature variation. The goal is to understand how parameters obtained from the gray-level content can be used to improve the actual state-of-the-art methods for non-invasive temperature estimation (NITE). B-Mode images were collected from a tissue mimic phantom heated in a water bath. The phantom is a mixture of water, glycerin, agar-agar and graphite powder. This mixture aims to have similar acoustical properties to in vivo muscle. Images from the phantom were collected using an ultrasound system that has a mechanical sector transducer working at 3.5 MHz. Three temperature curves were collected, and variations between 27 and 44 degrees C during 60 min were allowed. Two parameters (correlation and entropy) were determined from Grey-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) extracted from image, and then assessed for non-invasive temperature estimation. Entropy values were capable of identifying variations of 2.0 degrees C. Besides, it was possible to quantify variations from normal human body temperature (37 degrees C) to critical values, as 41 degrees C. In contrast, despite correlation parameter values (obtained from GLCM) presented a correlation coefficient of 0.84 with temperature variation, the high dispersion of values limited the temperature assessment.

Linear versus non-linear noninvasive temperature prediction in a homogeneous medium subjected to physiotherapeutic ultrasound / Comparação entre predição linear e não linear não-invasiva de temperatura num meio homogêneo sujeito a ultra-som de terapia

The lack of accurate time-spatial temperature estimators/predictors conditions the safe application of thermal therapies, such as hyperthermia. In this paper, a comparison between a linear and a non-linear class of models for non-invasive temperature prediction in a homogeneous medium, subjected to ultrasound at physiotherapeutic levels is presented. The linear models used were autoregressive with exogenous inputs (ARX) and the non-linear models were radial basis functions neural networks (RBFNN). In order to create and validate the models, an experiment was build to extract in vitro ultrasound RF-lines, as well as its correspondent temperature values. Then, features were extracted from the measured RF-lines and the models were trained and validated. For both the models, the best-fitted structures were selected using the multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA), given the enormous number of possible structures. The best RBFNN model presented a maximum absolute predictive error in the validation set five times less than the value presented by the best ARX model. In this work, the best RBFNN reached a maximum absolute error of 0.42 ºC, which is bellow the value pointed as a borderline between an appropriate and an undesired temperature estimator, which is 0.5 ºC. The average error was one order of magnitude less in the RBFNN case, and a less biased estimation was met. In addition, the best RBFNN needed less environmental information(inputs), given the capacity to non-linearly relate the information. The results obtained are encouraging, considering that coherent results should be obtained in a time-spatial modelling schema using RBFNN models.

A falta de estimadores de temperatura espaço-temporais que sejam precisos impede a aplicação segura das terapias térmicas, como por exemplo a hipertermia. Neste artigo é apresentada uma comparação entre uma classe de modelos lineares e uma classe de modelos não lineares, na predição não invasiva de temperatura num meio homogêneo, quando o mesmo é aquecido por ultra-som em níveis usados em fisioterapia. Os modelos lineares considerados foram do tipo auto-regressivo com entradas exógenas (ARX); a nível não-linear foram considerados redes neuronais RBF (RBFNN). Para treinar e validar os modelos foram recolhidas os ecos provenientes do meio, bem como os correspondentes valores de temperatura. Após a colheita de informação, foram extraídas características dos ecos medidos e posteriormente os modelos foram treinados e validados. Para ambas as classes de modelos, as melhores estruturas foram seleccionadas usando um algoritmo genético multi-objectivo (MOGA), devido ao número elevado de estruturas possíveis. O melhor modelo RBFNN apresentou um erro máximo absoluto cinco vezes inferior ao erro máximo absoluto apresentado pelo melhor modelo ARX. Neste trabalho, o melhor modelo RBFNN apresentou um erro máximo absolutode 0,42 ºC, valor este que é inferior ao limite (0,5 ºC) apresentado como sendo a fronteira entre um estimador desejado e um estimador indesejado. O erro médio cometido pelo melhor modelo neuronal é uma ordem de grandeza inferior ao erro médio apresentado pelo melhor modelo linear, obtendo-se deste modo uma estimação menos enviesada no caso das redes neuronais, com menos informação do ambiente (menos entradas) devido ao processamento não-linear dos dados de entrada. Os resultados obtidos são encorajadores, apontando no sentido de se obter bons resultados numa estimação espaço-temporal.

Frutos de café "Conilon" brocados por Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae): qual a importância de sua queda no decorrer da fase de frutificação? / \"Conilon\" coffee berries bored by Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae): what matters if they drop down during the fruiting phase?

A queda dos frutos brocados por Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) pode ser o principal fator de perda durante a frutificação do café. Entretanto, apenas os frutos brocados que permanecem no solo antes de um novo período de frutificação têm sido reconhecidos como causadores de impacto no nível de broqueamento de frutos em formação. Neste trabalho, investigou-se, ao longo do período de frutificação, a presença, nas plantas e no solo, de frutos de Coffea canephora cv. Conilon brocados por H. hampei, em Ouro Preto d'Oeste, RO. As coletas foram realizadas, semanalmente, entre dezembro de 2000 e junho de 2001. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de regressão de sobrevivência, baseado no modelo de Weibull. Durante o período de frutificação do café, a queda dos frutos ocorre continuamente e a presença de frutos brocados por H. hampei chega a ser, em média, 4 a 20 vezes maior no solo (P < 2,3x10-18, n = 62747) do que nas plantas. Argumenta-se que a incorporação do "ambiente solo" na determinação de ações de manejo integrado possa apontar novas tecnologias para o controle da broca.

Falling of berries bored by Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) may be the major loosing factor during the fruiting period. However, only those bored berries which remain in the soil surface before a new yielding period have been recognized as responsible for the damage level Ho achieved by new developing berries. In this paper, we investigated in the plants and in the soil surface, the presence of Coffea canephora cv. Conilon berries bored by H. hampei during the yielding period in Ouro Preto d'Oeste, Rondônia, Brazil. We took samples, weekly, from December 2000 to June 2001. The data were submitted to the Surviving Regression Analysis, based on a censored Weibull model. During the yielding period, berries fall down continuously and, in average, the proportion of H. hampei bored berries was 4 to 20 times higher in the soil (P < 2,3x10-18, n = 62,747) than in the plants. Thus, we argue that adding the "soil environment" to the integrated management strategies could point to new technologies for the control of this insect.