RESUMEN
AIMS: In this study, we aimed to isolate and evaluate the efficacy of Bacillus velezensis as a probiotic and to assess its activity towards pigeons infected with pigeon circovirus (PiCV). METHODS AND RESULTS: Bacillus velezensis, isolated from pigeon faeces, was orally administered to pigeons for 60 days. After pigeons were challenged with PiCV, the PiCV viral load and expression of indicator genes for innate immunity were detected in spleen tissue and faeces of pigeons. Bacillus velezensis significantly reduced the PiCV viral load in the faeces and spleen of pigeons 5 days post-challenge (dpc). The mRNA expression levels of treated pigeons showed that interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), myxovirus resistance 1 (Mx1), and signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) genes were upregulated, whereas no expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4) was detected. Moreover, toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and 4 (TLR4) were significantly upregulated in probiotic-treated pigeons (P < 0·05). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report showing that probiotic supplementation can effectively enhance the T-helper type 1 immune response and decrease the PiCV viral loads in pigeons. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study proposes that the administration of a probiotic strain, B. velezensis, to pigeons can protect against PiCV infection.
Asunto(s)
Bacillus , Infecciones por Circoviridae/inmunología , Circovirus/inmunología , Columbidae/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata/genética , Probióticos/farmacología , Animales , Antivirales/farmacología , Enfermedades de las Aves/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Aves/virología , Infecciones por Circoviridae/veterinaria , Circovirus/efectos de los fármacos , Columbidae/genética , Columbidae/virología , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , ADN Viral , Suplementos Dietéticos/microbiología , Heces/microbiología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Interferón gamma , Bazo , Carga ViralAsunto(s)
Arteriopatías Oclusivas/complicaciones , Artritis Gotosa/etiología , Oxigenoterapia Hiperbárica/efectos adversos , Enfermedades Vasculares Periféricas/complicaciones , Infecciones por Serratia/etiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/etiología , Anciano , Arteriopatías Oclusivas/terapia , Artritis Gotosa/fisiopatología , Humanos , Enfermedad Iatrogénica , Masculino , Enfermedades Vasculares Periféricas/terapia , Infecciones por Serratia/fisiopatología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/fisiopatología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/terapia , Insuficiencia del Tratamiento , Cicatrización de HeridasRESUMEN
Translational alterations occur in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves stressed by pathogen infection or herbicide paraquat treatment. These translational changes include: (a) dissociation of large polysomes to small polysomes, monosomes, and subunits; (b) a decreased rate of total protein synthesis; and (c) a reduced synthesis of several proteins by polysomes in vitro. The polysome dissociation was neither due to an extraction artifact nor to degradation of RNA by RNase. The protein patterns of polysomes isolated from leaves inoculated with Bipolaris maydis at 6 to 48 hours showed an increase in the intensity of a 57 kilodalton protein. When inoculated with less virulent pathogens, such as B. zeicola, Exserohilum turcicum, or Colletotrichum graminicola, the protein was accumulated in polysomes of leaves at 24 to 48 hours after inoculation. The 57 kilodalton protein was also accumulated in polysomes of maize leaves responding to heat shock or herbicide paraquat treatments. The purified 57 kilodalton protein reassociated with polysomes isolated from healthy leaves and inhibited polysomal translation in vitro. Since the 57 kilodalton protein is rapidly accumulated in maize polysomes in response to various biological and environmental stresses and may affect protein synthesis, it may be involved in translational regulation of maize leaves during stress response.