Blood calcium dynamics after prophylactic treatment of subclinical hypocalcemia with oral or intravenous calcium.

Total serum Ca dynamics and urine pH levels were evaluated after prophylactic treatment of subclinical hypocalcemia after parturition in 33 multiparous Jersey × Holstein crossbreed cows. Cows were blocked according to their calcemic status at the time of treatment [normocalcemic (8.0-9.9 mg/dL; n = 15) or hypocalcemic (5.0-7.9 mg/dL; n = 18)] and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: control [no Ca supplementation (n = 11)]; intravenous Ca [Ca-IV (n = 11), 500 mL of 23% calcium gluconate (10.7 g of Ca and 17.5 g of boric acid as a solubilizing agent; Durvet, Blue Springs, MO)]; or oral Ca [Ca-Oral (n = 11), 1 oral bolus (Bovikalc bolus, Boehringer Ingelheim, St. Joseph, MO) containing CaCl2 and CaSO4 (43 g of Ca) 2 times 12h apart]. Total serum Ca levels were evaluated at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, and 48 h, and urine pH was evaluated at 0, 1, 12, 24, 36, and 4 8h after treatment initiation. Total serum Ca levels were higher for Ca-IV than for control and Ca-Oral cows at 1, 2, and 4h after treatment initiation, but lower than Ca-Oral cows at 20, 24, and 36 h and lower than control cows at 36 and 48 h. At 1h after treatment initiation, when serum Ca levels for Ca-IV cows peaked (11.4 mg/dL), a greater proportion of Ca-IV (n = 8) cows had total serum Ca levels >10mg/dL than control (n = 0) and Ca-Oral (n = 1) cows. At 24h after treatment initiation, when Ca-IV cows reached the total serum Ca nadir (6.4 mg/dL), a greater proportion of Ca-IV (n = 10) cows had serum Ca levels <8 mg/dL than control (n = 5) and Ca-Oral (n = 2) cows. Treatment, time, and treatment × time interaction were significant for urine pH. Mean urine pH was lower for Ca-Oral cows (6.69) than for control (7.52) and Ca-IV (7.19) cows. Urine pH levels at 1h after treatment were lower for Ca-IV cows compared with both control and Ca-Oral cows, a finding likely associated with the iatrogenic administration of boric acid added as a solubilizing agent of the intravenous Ca solution used. At 12, 24, and 36 h, urine pH levels were lower for Ca-Oral cows compared with both control and Ca-IV cows. This was expected because the oral Ca supplementation used (Bovikalc) is designed as an acidifying agent. Wide fluctuations in blood Ca were observed after prophylactic intravenous Ca supplementation. The implications for milk production and animal health, if any, of these transient changes in total serum Ca have yet to be evaluated.

Elimination kinetics of cephapirin sodium in milk after an 8-day extended therapy program of daily intramammary infusion in healthy lactating Holstein-Friesian cows.

The objective of this study was to determine the elimination kinetics of extended therapy with intramammary (IMM) cephapirin in lactating dairy cattle. Eight healthy Holstein-Friesian cows were administered cephapirin (200mg) into all 4 mammary glands every 24 h after milking. Cows were milked 3 times per day and concentrations of cephapirin and desacetyl cephapirin were determined in bucket milk using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Milk concentration-time data after the last of the 8 IMM infusions were fitted using compartment and noncompartmental models. The maximum cephapirin concentration was 128±57 µg/mL (mean ± SD), the elimination rate constant from the central compartment was 0.278±0.046 (h(-1)), clearance was 0.053±0.023 L/h, the half time for elimination was 2.55±0.40 h, and the mean residence time was 2.65±0.79 h. The cephapirin concentration was below the approved tolerance in all cows by 96 h after the last infusion, which is the labeled withholding time for the preparation used. Extended therapy for 8 d provided milk cephapirin concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration for common gram-positive mastitis pathogens (0.1 to 1.0 µg/mL) for the duration of therapy and for an additional 16 to 32 h after the end of treatment. Our findings suggest that this IMM cephapirin sodium formulation, which is labeled for 2 doses 12 h apart, could be administered at a 24-h interval for up to 8 d in cows milked 3 times per day, with no significant effect on residue levels by 96 h after the last treatment. Longer withdrawal times would be prudent for cows with low milk production.