Feeding and nutritional profiles of children at 12 months of age living in the western region of the city of São Paulo: The Procriar Project / Perfil alimentar e nutricional de crianças no final do primeiro ano de vida residentes na região Oeste do município de São Paulo: Projeto ProcriAr

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the feeding profiles, nutritional statuses and influences of maternal characteristics on food consumption of infants at the end of the first year of life. Methods This is a cross-sectional study nested within a cohort of pregnant women that evaluated children with a mean age of 12.1 months. The weights and lengths were measured, and the body mass index was calculated. Food consumption was obtained through 24-hour recall and was assessed qualitatively. The outcomes studied dichotomously (yes/no) were overweight (body mass index ≥+2 Z-scores), consumption of foods considered unhealthy (i.e., sugar, petit suisse cheese, sandwich crackers, and soft drinks), consumption of fruits, legumes and vegetables and a minimum acceptable diet composed of minimum dietary diversity and minimum meal frequency. Logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the association between maternal variables and the outcomes studied. Results A total of 254 infants were evaluated, of whom 10.7% were overweight. The majority of the infants did not receive a minimum acceptable diet (58.7%), 28.0% consumed petit suisse cheese and 42.0% received added sugar in their preparations. Mothers less than 20 years old or with more schooling were more likely to offer unhealthy foods to their children (.=0.03). Fruits, legumes and vegetables (consumption was higher among children of mothers over 20 years old (.=0.04). Conclusion The study revealed a high prevalence of overweight and an inadequacy of food consumption among children. The finding that adolescent mothers and/or mothers with more schooling tend to offer inadequate food to children may favor the definition of specific educational strategies.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar o perfil alimentar, o estado nutricional e a influência das características maternas sobre o consumo alimentar de lactentes ao final do primeiro ano de vida. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal aninhado a uma coorte de gestantes que avaliou crianças com idade média de 12,1 meses. Foram aferidos o peso e comprimento e calculado o índice de massa corporal. O consumo alimentar foi obtido através de recordatório de 24 horas, avaliado de forma qualitativa. Os desfechos estudados dicotomicamente (sim/não) foram: sobrepeso (índice de massa corporal ≥+2 score-Z), consumo de alimentos considerados não saudáveis (açúcar, queijo petit suisse, bolacha recheada, refrigerantes entre outros), consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras e dieta mínima aceitável composta pela diversidade mínima da dieta e frequência mínima de refeições. Foram construídos modelos de regressão logística para avaliar a associação entre variáveis maternas e os desfechos estudados. Resultados Foram avaliados 254 lactentes sendo 10,7% classificados com excesso de peso. A maioria não recebeu dieta mínima aceitável (58,7%), 28,0% consumiram queijo petit suisse e 42,0% receberam açúcar adicionado às preparações. Mães com menos de 20 anos ou com maior escolaridade tiveram maior chance de oferecer ali-mentos não saudáveis aos filhos (p=0,03). O consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras foi maior entre os filhos de mães acima de 20 anos (p=0,04). Conclusão O estudo revelou alta prevalência de sobrepeso e inadequação do consumo alimentar entre as crianças. A identificação de que mães adolescentes e/ou com maior escolaridade tendem a oferecer alimentação inadequada às crianças pode favorecer a definição de estratégias educativas específicas.

Genetic variability in G2 and F2 region between biological clones of human respiratory syncytial virus with or without host immune selection pressure

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is an important respiratory pathogens among children between zero-five years old. Host immunity and viral genetic variability are important factors that can make vaccine production difficult. In this work, differences between biological clones of HRSV were detected in clinical samples in the absence and presence of serum collected from children in the convalescent phase of the illness and from their biological mothers. Viral clones were selected by plaque assay in the absence and presence of serum and nucleotide sequences of the G2 and F2 genes of HRSV biological clones were compared. One non-synonymous mutation was found in the F gene (Ile5Asn) in one clone of an HRSV-B sample and one non-synonymous mutation was found in the G gene (Ser291Pro) in four clones of the same HRSV-B sample. Only one of these clones was obtained after treatment with the child's serum. In addition, some synonymous mutations were determined in two clones of the HRSV-A samples. In conclusion, it is possible that minor sequences could be selected by host antibodies contributing to the HRSV evolutionary process, hampering the development of an effective vaccine, since we verify the same codon alteration in absence and presence of human sera in individual clones of BR-85 sample.

Atelectasia cronica infectada do lobo inferior esquerdo tratada cirurgicamente: relato de tres casos / Left lower lobe chronic atlectasis treated surgically: description of three cases

Os autores descrevem três casos de atelectasias cronicas do lobo inferior esquerdo que evoluiram com infecçöes e destruiçäo lobar, necessitando ressecçäo cirurgica. As atelectasias de duas das crianças nao foram reconhecidas e tratadas na fase aguda, o que pode ter influido na evoluçäo desfavorável destes casos. Os autores ressaltam a dificuldade no diagnostico clinico e radiografico da atelectasia cronica do lobo inferior esquerdo e a eventual necessidade de terapeutica cirurgica