Asunto(s)
Pabellón Auricular , Deformidades Adquiridas del Oído , Queloide , Procedimientos de Cirugía Plástica/efectos adversos , Complicaciones Posoperatorias , Tratamiento de Tejidos Blandos , Adulto , Anciano , Terapia Combinada/métodos , Pabellón Auricular/patología , Pabellón Auricular/cirugía , Deformidades Adquiridas del Oído/etiología , Deformidades Adquiridas del Oído/terapia , Diseño de Equipo , Femenino , Humanos , Queloide/etiología , Queloide/prevención & control , Queloide/terapia , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/etiología , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/terapia , Presión , Procedimientos de Cirugía Plástica/métodos , Prevención Secundaria , Tratamiento de Tejidos Blandos/instrumentación , Tratamiento de Tejidos Blandos/métodos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Targeted drug delivery by nanoparticles (NPs) is an essential technique to achieve the ideal therapeutic effect for cancer. However, it requires large amounts of work to imitate the biomarkers on the surface of the cell membrane and cannot fully retain the bio-function and interactions among cells. Cell membranes have been studied to form biomimetic NPs to achieve functions like immune escape, targeted drug delivery, and immune modulation, which inherit the ability to interact with the in vivo environments. Currently, erythrocyte, leukocyte, mesenchymal stem cell, cancer cell and platelet have been applied in coating photothermal agents and anti-cancer drugs to achieve increased photothermal conversion efficiency and decreased side effects in cancer ablation. In this review, we discuss the recent development of cell membrane-coated NPs in the application of photothermal therapy and cancer targeting. The underlying biomarkers of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (CMNPs) are discussed, and future research directions are suggested.
Asunto(s)
Materiales Biomiméticos/química , Membrana Celular/química , Hipertermia Inducida , Nanopartículas/química , Neoplasias/terapia , Fototerapia , Humanos , Nanopartículas/ultraestructura , Neoplasias/patologíaRESUMEN
If a honey bee (Apis spp.) colony becomes queenless, about 1/3 of young workers activate their ovaries and produce haploid male-producing eggs. In doing so queenless workers maximize their inclusive fitness because the normal option of vicarious production of relatives via their queen's eggs is no longer available. But if many workers are engaged in reproduction, how does a queenless colony continue to feed its brood and forage? Here we show that in the Asian hive bee Apis cerana hypopharyngeal gland (HPG) size is larger in queenless workers than in queenright workers and that bees undertaking brood-rearing tasks have larger HPG than same-aged bees that are foraging. In queenless colonies, workers with a smaller number of ovarioles are more likely to have activated ovaries. This reinforces the puzzling observation that a large number of ovarioles reduces reproductive success in queenless A. cerana. It further suggests that reproductive workers either avoid foraging or transition to foraging later in life than non-reproductive workers. Finally, our study also showed that ovary activation and larger-than-average numbers of ovarioles had no statistically detectable influence on foraging specialization for pollen or nectar.