Mesobiliverdin IXα-enriched microalgae feed additive eliminates reliance on antibiotic tylosin to promote intestinal health of weaning piglets.

Weaning is a critical period in raising pigs. Novel animal feed additives that promote gut health and regulate immune function of piglets without antibiotics are needed. In this study, we aimed to test the ability of mesobiliverdin IXα-enriched microalgae (MBV IXα-enriched microalgae) to eliminate reliance on antibiotics to promote intestinal health in piglets. Eighty 28-day-old weaned piglets were randomly allocated to four groups each with four replicate pens and five piglets per pen. The dietary treatments were a basal diet as control (NC), basal diet plus 0.05% tylosin (PC), basal diet plus 0.1% or 0.5% MBV IXα-enriched microalgae as low (MBV-SP1) or high (MBV-SP2) dose respectively. All treated animals showed no significant differences in live weight, average daily gain and feed efficiency compared to control animals. Histological examination showed that MBV-SP1 and particularly MBV-SP2 increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum and ileum compared to NC (p < 0.05). Similarly, tylosin treatment also increased villi lengths and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum and ileum compared to the NC (p < 0.05). MBV-SP1 and particularly MBV-SP2 reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in the small intestine. MBV-SP2 and tylosin similarly reduced the lipid peroxidation marker (TBARS value) in the duodenum and ileum. In conclusion, feed supplementation with MBV IXα-enriched microalgae improved gut health by villus height and production of immunomodulators that correlated with down-regulated secretion of inflammatory cytokines.

Enhancing wastewater remediation by drinking water treatment residual-augmented floating treatment wetlands.

In this study, the involvement of aluminum-based drinking water treatment residual (DWTR) as substrate in floating treatment wetland (FTW) to enhance its treatment performance was firstly proposed and trialed. A laboratory scale DWTR-FTW fed with synthetic wastewater containing COD, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and mineral salts was operated in three stages of unplanted (1-30 days), planted (31-60 days) and aerated (61-135 days) modes. The results showed that the average removal rates of COD, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) in stage 3 were 88%, 85%, and 90.2%, respectively, indicating the outstanding purification performance of DWTR-FTW in comparison of traditional FTWs. The embedded DWTR enriches the biomass and robustly adsorbs P, while aeration supplies sufficient dissolved oxygen for the microorganism. The results revealed that 7.022 g P was accumulated in DWTR, which is 400 times higher than that in sediment and plants during the experimental period, reflecting that DWTR adsorption is the major P removal pathway in DWTR-FTW. Overall, DWTR-FTW could significantly remove pollutants, especially P, and provide an alternative pathway to enhance purification performance of FTW.

A Randomized Controlled Trial of Brief Mindfulness Meditation for Women Undergoing Stereotactic Breast Biopsy.

PURPOSE: Stereotactic breast biopsy (SBB) is a common, anxiety-producing procedure. Nonpharmacologic methods to manage acute anxiety are needed. METHODS: In this single-blind trial, women were recruited before SBB and randomized in a 2:2:1 ratio to a single session of guided mindfulness-based meditation (GM; n = 30), focused breathing (FB; n = 30), or standard care (SC; n = 16). Anxiety and pain were assessed at baseline after a 10-min prebiopsy group-specific activity (GM, FB, or SC), every 4 min during SBB, and after biopsy. Electroencephalographic activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and precuneus was collected throughout the study. RESULTS: Women in the GM group reported a steeper reduction in anxiety than women in the FB and SC groups (P < .001 for all, Cohen's d > 0.4 for all). There were no group differences in pain ratings during the biopsy. Women in the GM group experienced increased beta activity during biopsy in the insula (P = .006, Cohen's d = 1.4) and anterior cingulate cortex (P = .019, Cohen's d = 1.0) compared with women in the SC group, and there was a trend toward the same effect compared with women in the FB group (P < .10 for both). Women in the GM and FB groups experienced a nonsignificant decrease in delta activity in the precuneus during biopsy compared with those in the SC group (P < .40 for both, Cohen's d > 0.6 for both), which was associated with a steeper reduction in anxiety during the biopsy (r = 0.51, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Brief, guided meditation may provide effective anxiety relief during an acute medical procedure and affect neuronal activity in regions associated with attention, self-awareness, and emotion regulation.

Prevalence of pollen-induced allergic rhinitis with high pollen exposure in grasslands of northern China.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of epidemiologic and physician-diagnosed pollen-induced AR (PiAR) in the grasslands of northern China and to study the impact of the intensity and time of pollen exposure on PiAR prevalence. METHODS: A multistage, clustered and proportionately stratified random sampling with a field interviewer-administered survey study was performed together with skin prick tests (SPT) and measurements of the daily pollen count. RESULTS: A total of 6043 subjects completed the study, with a proportion of 32.4% epidemiologic AR and 18.5% PiAR. The prevalence was higher in males than females (19.6% vs 17.4%, P = .024), but no difference between the two major residential and ethnic groups (Han and Mongolian) was observed. Subjects from urban areas showed higher prevalence of PiAR than rural areas (23.1% vs 14.0%, P < .001). Most PiAR patients were sensitized to two or more pollens (79.4%) with artemisia, chenopodium, and humulus scandens being the most common pollen types, which were similarly found as the top three sensitizing pollen allergens by SPT. There were significant regional differences in the prevalence of epidemiologic AR (from 18.6% to 52.9%) and PiAR (from 10.5% to 31.4%) among the six areas investigated. PiAR symptoms were positively associated with pollen counts, temperature, and precipitation (P < .05), but negatively with wind speed and pressure P < .05). CONCLUSION: Pollen-induced AR (PiAR) prevalence in the investigated region is extremely high due to high seasonal pollen exposure, which was influenced by local environmental and climate conditions.

Identification of Patients With Documented Pathologic Complete Response in the Breast After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Omission of Axillary Surgery.

Importance: A pathologic complete response (pCR; no invasive or in situ cancer) occurs in 40% to 50% of patients with HER2-positive (HER2+) and triple-negative (TN) breast cancer. The need for surgery if percutaneous biopsy of the breast after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) indicates pCR in the breast (hereinafter referred to as breast pCR) has been questioned, and appropriate management of the axilla in such patients is unknown. Objective: To identify patients among exceptional responders to NCT with a low risk for axillary metastases when breast pCR is documented who may be eligible for an omission of surgery clinical trial design. Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective cohort study at a single-institution academic national comprehensive cancer center included 527 consecutive patients with HER2+/TN (T1/T2 and N0/N1) cancer treated with NCT followed by standard breast and nodal surgery from January 1, 2010, through December 31, 2014. Main Outcomes and Measures: Patients who achieved a breast pCR were compared with patients who did not based on subtype, initial ultrasonographic findings, and documented pathologic nodal status. Incidence of positive findings for nodal disease on final pathologic review was calculated for patients with and without pCR and compared using relative risk ratios with 95% CIs. Results: The analysis included 527 patients (median age, 51 [range, 23-84] years). Among 290 patients with initial nodal ultrasonography showing N0 disease, 116 (40.4%) had a breast pCR and 100% had no evidence of axillary lymph node metastases after NCT. Among 237 patients with initial biopsy-proved N1 disease, 69 of 77 (89.6%) with and 68 of 160 (42.5%) without a breast pCR had no evidence of residual nodal disease (P < .01). Patients without a breast pCR had a relative risk for positive nodal metastases of 7.4 (95% CI, 3.7-14.8; P < .001) compared with those with a breast pCR. Conclusions and Relevance: Breast pCR is highly correlated with nodal status after NCT, and the risk for missing nodal metastases without axillary surgery in this cohort is extremely low. These data provide the fundamental basis and rationale for management of the axilla in clinical trials of omission of cancer surgery when image-guided biopsy indicates a breast pCR.

Improved Axillary Evaluation Following Neoadjuvant Therapy for Patients With Node-Positive Breast Cancer Using Selective Evaluation of Clipped Nodes: Implementation of Targeted Axillary Dissection.

PURPOSE: Placing clips in nodes with biopsy-confirmed metastasis before initiating neoadjuvant therapy allows for evaluation of response in breast cancer. Our goal was to determine if pathologic changes in clipped nodes reflect the status of the nodal basin and if targeted axillary dissection (TAD), which includes sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) and selective localization and removal of clipped nodes, improves the false-negative rate (FNR) compared with SLND alone. METHODS: A prospective study of patients with biopsy-confirmed nodal metastases with a clip placed in the sampled node was performed. After neoadjuvant therapy, patients underwent axillary surgery and the pathology of the clipped node was compared with other nodes. Patients undergoing TAD had SLND and selective removal of the clipped node using iodine-125 seed localization. The FNR was determined in patients undergoing complete axillary lymphadenectomy (ALND). RESULTS: Of 208 patients enrolled in this study, 191 underwent ALND, with residual disease identified in 120 (63%). The clipped node revealed metastases in 115 patients, resulting in an FNR of 4.2% (95% CI, 1.4 to 9.5) for the clipped node. In patients undergoing SLND and ALND (n = 118), the FNR was 10.1% (95% CI, 4.2 to 19.8), which included seven false-negative events in 69 patients with residual disease. Adding evaluation of the clipped node reduced the FNR to 1.4% (95% CI, 0.03 to 7.3; P = .03). The clipped node was not retrieved as an SLN in 23% (31 of 134) of patients, including six with negative SLNs but metastasis in the clipped node. TAD followed by ALND was performed in 85 patients, with an FNR of 2.0% (1 of 50; 95% CI, 0.05 to 10.7). CONCLUSION: Marking nodes with biopsy-confirmed metastatic disease allows for selective removal and improves pathologic evaluation for residual nodal disease after chemotherapy.

Thalamic activation during an attention-to-prepulse startle modification paradigm: a functional MRI study.

BACKGROUND: Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex reflects early stages of information processing and is modulated by selective attention. Animal models indicate medial frontal-thalamic circuitry is important in PPI modulation. We report data from the first functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study examining whether attending to or ignoring a prepulse differentially activates brain areas within this circuitry. METHODS: Ten healthy subjects received structural and functional MRI. During fMRI acquisition, subjects heard intermixed attended and ignored tones serving as prepulses to the startle stimulus. Regions of interest were traced on structural MRI and coregistered to fMRI images. RESULTS: Greater amplitude fMRI blood-oxygen-level-dependent response to attended than ignored PPI conditions occurred in the right thalamus, and bilaterally in the anterior and mediodorsal thalamic nuclei, whereas the startle-alone condition showed deactivation. In transitional medial cortex (Brodmann Area 32), which is involved in affective processing of noxious stimuli, the startle-alone condition elicited the greatest response, the attended-PPI condition showed the smallest response, and the ignored-PPI condition was intermediate. CONCLUSIONS: These findings extend animal models to humans by indicating thalamic involvement in the modulation of PPI. Further fMRI investigations may elucidate other key structures in the circuitry underlying normal and disordered modulation of PPI.

Feedback-controlled negative pressure ventilation in patients with stable severe hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

BACKGROUND: In recent studies, the efficacy of intermittent rest of the inspiratory muscles as an option of treating patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has become questionable. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to analyze the effects of feedback-controlled intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) on stable, but severely hypercapnic COPD patients. METHODS: 21 clinically stable, hypercapnic patients with severe COPD underwent INPV with chest shells for 3 weeks, 6 h a day. The INPV sessions were optimized by a visual biofeedback system, which enabled control over the decrease in diaphragmatic activity. Respiratory muscle (RM) function parameters, lung function parameters, blood gases and exercise capacity were analyzed. RESULTS: In the end, 19 patients concluded INPV treatment. They had PaO(2) of 56.5 +/- 11.8 mm Hg, PaCO(2) of 50.2+/-2.7 mm Hg (mean +/- SD) and FEV(1) of 27.8 +/- 4.3% predicted before treatment. There was no statistically significant change in lung function parameters, RM function parameters, physical performance and level of dyspnea after 3 weeks of INPV. CONCLUSION: We conclude that intermittent RM rest induced by INPV can relax inspiratory muscles in most patients with stable severe COPD, but fails to improve RM function and exercise capacity.

Mechanisms of apoptosis in rat cerebellar granule cells induced by hydroxyl radicals and the effects of EGb761 and its constituents.

In this study investigation is made on whether oxidative stress produced by treatment with hydroxyl radicals can induce apoptosis in rat cerebellar granule cells. The protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) and its active constituents against apoptosis are also examined. The results show that hydroxyl radicals generated by the Fenton reaction induced apoptosis in cerebellar granule cells, which was associated with the decrease in the Bcl-2 mRNA level and the increase in the protein levels of the transcription factors Fos and Jun. Moreover, hydroxyl radicals induced time-dependent lipid peroxidation in cells and caused the changes in the sulfhydryl group binding sites on the membrane proteins. Hydroxyl radicals may induce apoptosis via different signaling pathways. EGb761 attenuated these changes and its different constituents showed different effects. The total flavonoid component of EGb761 and a mixture of flavonoids and terpenes protected cerebellar granule cells from oxidative damage and apoptosis induced by hydroxyl radicals. Total terpenes of EGb761 did not protect against apoptosis. Flavonoids and terpenes did not show a synergistic effect in this regard.

Hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in cerebellar granule cells: protection by Ginkgo biloba extract.

The ability of oxidative stress to induce apoptosis and the protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) against this induction were studied in cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells. Cells were exposed to oxidative stress by treatment with 50 microm hydrogen peroxide+100 microm ferrous sulphate which generates hydroxyl radicals by Fenton reaction. Both morphological observation and biochemical analysis revealed that H(2)O(2)/FeSO(4)treatment induced apoptotic cell death in cerebellar granule cells, which was characterized by chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. During this process, the fluidity of the cell membrane decreased markedly, and the conformation of membrane proteins altered significantly. Pretreating cerebellar granule cells with the antioxidant EGb761 (Ginkgo biloba extract) effectively attenuated oxidative damage induced by H(2)O(2)/FeSO(4), and prevented cells from apoptotic cell death. The results suggested that EGb761 might be used as a potential drug for neuronal diseases associated with the excessive production of reactive oxygen species.

Three-dimensional analysis with MRI and PET of the size, shape, and function of the thalamus in the schizophrenia spectrum.

OBJECTIVE: In an exploration of the schizophrenia spectrum, the authors compared thalamic size, shape, and metabolic activity in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder to findings in age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. METHOD: Coregistered magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography scans were obtained in 27 schizophrenic patients, 13 patients with schizotypal personality disorder, and 32 control subjects who performed a serial verbal learning test during tracer uptake. After thalamus edges were outlined on 1.2-mm MRI scans, a radial warping program yielded significance probability mapping in three dimensions. RESULTS: Significance probability mapping (with resampling) identified an area in the region of the mediodorsal nucleus bilaterally with significantly lower relative metabolism in the schizophrenia group than in either the control or schizotypal personality disorder groups, which did not differ from each other. The three groups did not differ significantly in total thalamic volume in square millimeters or thalamic volume relative to brain volume. Shape analyses revealed that schizophrenic patients had significantly fewer pixels in the left anterior region, whereas patients with schizotypal personality disorder had significantly fewer pixels in the region of the right mediodorsal nucleus than did control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Schizophrenic patients showed significant metabolism and shape differences from control subjects in selective subregions of the thalamus, whereas patients with schizotypal personality disorder showed only a difference in shape. Because the mediodorsal and anterior nuclei have different connections with limbic and prefrontal structures, the anterior thalamic shrinkage and mediodorsal metabolic and shape changes might relate to the different clinical pictures in schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia.

Different effects of the constituents of EGb761 on apoptosis in rat cerebellar granule cells induced by hydroxyl radicals.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the different effects of the constituents of EGb761 (Ginkgo biloba Extract) on apoptosis in cerebellar granule cells induced by hydroxyl radicals. The total flavonoid component of EGb761, two pure EGb761 components (rutin and quercetin), and a mixture of flavonoids and terpenes protected cerebellar granule cells from oxidative damage and apoptosis induced by hydroxyl radicals. ESR(electron spin resonance) results showed that the IC50 of the flavonoids for scavenging hydroxyl radicals was almost the same as that of EGb761, even though flavonoids make up only 24% of EGb761, implying that other constituents of EGb761 besides flavonoids can scavenge hydroxyl radicals. Total terpenes of EGb761 did not protect against apoptosis. Flavonoids and terpenes did not show a synergistic effect in this regard. Terpenes did not scavenge hydroxyl radicals directly, which might be related to their "cage-like" structures.

[Clinical and experimental study on composite wuzi dihuang liquor in treating male infertility].

Composite Wuzi Dihuang Liquor (CWDL) in treating male infertility was used. The results showed that the effective rate was 84%. CWDL is indicated in mild and medium idiopathic oligozoospermia. There was some effect in the male infertility which was complicated by prostatitis, varicocele, antisperm antibody positive patients, but was ineffective in severe oligozoospermia, azoospermia, tesicular volume 15ml, endocrinologic and chromatic abnormality. Experimental study revealed that the drug could significantly increase the percentage of reproductivity in mice and could directly safeguard the sperm of male infertility patients.

[Nifedipine in preeclampsia for cesarean section].

The patients with preeclampsia undergoing emergent cesarean section is always a challenge to an anesthesiologist, because severe hypertensive response after laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation may result in life-threatening complication such as cerebral hemorrhage. Most of these patients receive magnesium sulfate for the prevention of convulsion. An ideal anti-hypertensive drug for preeclampsia should be effective, limited fall in blood pressure, rapid onset, maintaining uteroplacental blood flow, and less maternal and fetal side effects. We studied the efficacy of 10 mg sublingual nifedipine in attenuating the pressor response to intubation. We were also concerned about whether this calcium antagonist may inhibit uterine contraction and increase intra and postpartum hemorrhage when it is used with magnesium sulfate and general anesthesia. There were thirty-three patients in our study (16 in nifedipine group and 17 in control group). This study revealed that nifedipine attenuate the hypertensive response effectively. Uterine contraction response to oxytocic drugs was quite well in both groups. There was no significant difference in blood loss between nifedipine and control group. And no severe maternal and fetal adverse effect.

[Studies on the alkaloids of Gynura segetum (Lour.) Merr].

Six alkaloids were isolated from Gynura segetum (Lour.) Merr. Four of them were identified. Alkaloids I and II were identified as known senecionine and seneciphylline, respectively. Alkaloids III and IV were found to be new compounds named seneciphyllinine and (E)-seneciphylline respectively. Their structures were confirmed on the basis of spectral data (UV, IR, MS, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, C-H COSY).