Risk factors related to the appearance of umbilical disorders in dairy calves / [Fatores de risco relacionados ao surgimento de afecções umbilicais em bezerros leiteiros]

The objective of this study was to determine the types of calve housing used in dairy farms, the prevalence of umbilical disorders and related risk factors. The 16 farms studied were visited to characterize the types of installation and possible risk factors, as well as information obtained from a questionnaire applied to the farmers. 806 Holstein calves were physically examined, in addition to collecting blood samples for the evaluation of Failures in Passive Immunity Transfer (FPIT), in animals that manifested inflammatory omphalopathies, and were also submitted to ultrasound examination. The prevalence of omphalopathies was assessed by Fisher's test, and multivariate logistic regression to assess risk factors. Eight types of installation were found: tropical house, suspended cage, collective stall, collective picket, Argentinean type, single-story cage, individual stall, and collective picket with chain. Omphalopathies accounted for 6.45% of the calves. Small size farms (up to 99 lactation cows) had high risk for umbilical disorders, ground floor collective calves, without side protection, with sand floor, in closed sheds and without heatstroke were considered risk factors for omphalopathies. Adequate colostrum and umbilical antisepsis are not associated with disease, its appearance being related to the housing conditions of the animals.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os tipos de alojamento para bezerros leiteiros, a prevalência de onfalopatias e os fatores de risco relacionados. As 16 fazendas estudadas foram visitadas buscando-se caracterizar os tipos de instalação e os possíveis fatores de risco, além de informações obtidas de um questionário aplicado aos fazendeiros. Foram examinados fisicamente 806 bezerros da raça Holandesa, além da coleta de amostras de sangue, para avaliação da falha de transferência de imunidade passiva (FTIP), nos animais que manifestaram onfalopatias inflamatórias, sendo submetidos também ao exame ultrassonográfico. A prevalência das onfalopatias foi avaliada por teste de Fisher, e foi feita regressão logística multivariada a fim de se avaliarem os fatores de risco. Verificou-se oito tipos de instalação: casinha tropical, gaiola suspensa, baia coletiva, piquete coletivo, bezerreiro tipo argentino, gaiola térrea, baia individual e piquete coletivo com corrente. As onfalopatias corresponderam a 6,45% dos bezerros. Os bezerreiros coletivos térreos, sem proteções laterais, com piso de areia, borracha, concreto ou madeira, em galpões fechados, sem insolação, com alta densidade animal, antissepsia umbilical realizada por três dias e FTIP acima de 50% foram considerados fatores de risco para onfalopatias e possuem relação com o bezerreiro, sendo decisivas para evitar essas condições a colostragem e a antissepsia umbilical adequadas.(AU)

[Ultrasound control of thermal tissue therapy]. / Ultraschall-Kontrolle Thermischer Tumor Therapien.

As alternatives to surgical resection and/or supportive to radio- or chemo-therapy of tumors and metastases minimal invasive interstitial thermal treatment procedures by which the tissue is heated up locally to temperatures up to 100 degrees C are used. However beside nuclear magnetic resonance tomography there is no economical, by routine applicable procedure for non invasive therapy control at present disposal. In this work the possibility of non invasive control of thermal therapies by means of temporal and spectral analysis of radio frequency ultrasound signals are evaluated. Two different ultrasonic procedures, the first beeing based on the analysis of local modifications in the time of flight of the ultrasound signal for determination of the temperature distribution in the tissue, the second beeing based on the physical attenuation characteristics of biological tissue and their dependence on the tissue structure are proposed and evaluated for therapy control. With in vitro experiments the possibilities and limitations of both procedures and preliminary results of a prototype control system are demonstrated.

Chest wall stimulation for temporary suppression of competitive rhythms due to permanent pacemaker malfunction.

Chest wall stimulation by electrical stimuli was employed to suppress permanent demand (ventricular-inhibited) pacemakers in two patients with competitive ventricular rhythms. The stimuli were nor perceived by either patient, and were continued until surgical intervention was effected. In selected patients with permanent pacemaker malfunction, chest wall stimulation may be appropriate and necessary initial therapy until definitive correction is performed.