RESUMEN
Asari Radix et Rhizoma （ARR） is a traditional Chinese medicine for relieving exterior syndrome， and its roots and stems contain rich chemical components， including volatile oils （terpenoids， aromatics and aliphatics）， lignans， flavonoids， etc. Clinically， it has been traditionally used for the treatment of diseases such as phlegm and cough， anemofrigid cold， rheumatic arthralgia due to its ability to spread cold. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that ARR played beneficial roles in analgesic， anti-inflammatory， antitussive， antiasthmatic， antiviral， antibacterial， sedative， antioxidative， and antidepressant responses， antihypertension， as well as tumor suppression. The current studies on the chemical composition of ARR mainly focused on volatile components， and little information is available for the occurrence and pharmacological effects of non-volatile components. In addition， there is a lack of clear classification of chemical components and the distribution of chemical components in medicinal parts and the origin of species. Therefore， in this study， the authors reviewed a large number of literature on the chemical compositions and pharmacological effects of ARR， and hoping to provide a reference for further pharmacological research and the new drug development of ARR.
RESUMEN
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of Laminaria japonica (Laminaria) on pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) following oral administration of Liquorice extract in rats. Following oral administrations of single-dose and multi-dose Liquorice extract and Liquorice-Laminaria extract, respectively, plasma samples were obtained at various times and the concentrations of GA, liquiritigenin, and isoliquiritigenin were measured by LC-MS. The effects of Laminaria extract on pharmacokinetics of GA were also investigated, following single-dose and multidose of glycyrrhizic acid (GL). The effects of Laminaria extract on intestinal absorption of GA and GL were studied using the in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion model. The metabolism of GL to GA in the contents of small and large intestines was also studied. The results showed Liquorice-Laminaria extract markedly increased the plasma concentration of GA, accompanied by a shorter Tmax. Similar alteration was observed following multidose administration. However, pharmacokinetics of neither liquiritigenin nor isoliquiritigenin was affected by Laminaria. Similarly, Laminaria markedly increased concentration and decreased Tmax of GA following oral GL were observed. The data from the intestinal perfusion model showed that Laminaria markedly increased GL absorption in duodenum and jejunum, but did not affect the intestinal absorption of GA. It was found that Laminaria enhanced the metabolism of GL to GA in large intestine. In conclusion, Laminaria increased plasma exposures of GA following oral administration of liquorice or GL, which partly resulted from increased intestinal absorption of GL and metabolism of GL to GA in large intestine.