Structural characteristic of pectin-glucuronoxylan complex from Dolichos lablab L. hull.

Polysaccharides are important constituents in Dolichos lablab hull. Herein, pectin-glucuronoxylan complex from D. lablab hull designated as DLHP-3 (D. lablab hull polysaccharide,) was prepared by ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography, and further characterized by acid degradation and enzymatic hydrolysis, methylation combined with GC-MS, NMR and MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Both of pectin and glucuronoxylan regions were found in DLHP-3. The glucuronoxylan region consisted of a →4)-ß-Xylp-(1→ backbone with branches of α-GlcpA-(1→ substituted at O-2 site, and the ratio of xylose to glucuronic acid was about 5:1. Acetyl groups were mainly attached to O-3 site of →2,4)-ß-Xylp-(1→ residues. The main chain of pectin region could be represented by →4)-α-GalpA-(1→4)-α-GalpA-(1→ and →2)-α-Rhap-(1→4)-α-GalpA-(1→ with partial methyl-esterification. The side chains were deduced to embrace arabinan and arabinogalactan linked to rhamnogalacturonan-I region. Pectin was probably covalently bound to glucuronoxylan. Our findings uncovered the molecular structure of pectin-glucuronoxylan complex from D. lablab hull.

Polysaccharides from fermented Momordica charantia L. with Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 ameliorate metabolic disorders and gut microbiota change in obese rats.

Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by overweight resulting from fat accumulation, along with disturbance of metabolism and gut microbiota. Fermentation, as a green processing method, is beneficial for improving the nutrition capacity of food components. Polysaccharides are considered as one of the important components in food and are also potential supplements for anti-obesity treatment. This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity effects of polysaccharides from fermented and non-fermented Momordica charantia L. with Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 (FP and NFP) on obese rats by serum metabolomics and gut microbiota analysis. Metabolomics results revealed that abnormal lipid metabolism was formed due to obesity. The supplement of FP and NFP improved the glycerophospholipids, glycosphingolipids, and amino acid metabolism of the obese rats, which alleviated the hypercholesterolemia and overweight in rats. Furthermore, the disorder of gut microbiota was ameliorated by FP and NFP. FP promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria, such as phylum Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and genera Anaerostipes, Coprococcus, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium. FP also reduced several harmful bacteria belonging to the phylum Proteobacteria and genera Helicobacter. The positive correlation of the weight loss and lowering of serum lipids with the increased beneficial bacteria further elucidated that the anti-obesity effect of FP in obese rats is associated with the regulation of gut microbiota and serum metabolites. The results of this study could provide information for developing probiotic products in the future that may have beneficial effects on the prevention or treatment of obesity.

Physicochemical and rheological properties of pomelo albedo pectin and its interaction with konjac glucomannan.

Pomelo albedo was extracted with water to obtain the high methoxyl pectin, labeled as PAP. The physicochemical and rheological properties of PAP were determined. The effects of PAP addition on rheological property and thermal stability of konjac glucomannan (KGM) were evaluated. Results indicated that PAP was composed of arabinose, glucose and galacturonic acid with a relative mass percentage of 7.2%: 9.5%: 83.3%, and exhibited an average molecular weight of 56.6 kDa. The degree of esterification of PAP was 65.5%, showing PAP was a kind of high methoxyl pectin. Apparent viscosity of PAP was concentration-dependently increased, while it was slightly enhanced with salt (NaCl or CaCl2) addition. Moreover, the addition of PAP declined the apparent viscosity, elastic property and thermal stability of KGM. It can be concluded that interaction was occurred between KGM and PAP. Meanwhile, the interaction mechanism between KGM and PAP has been preliminarily proposed. The present study can provide some references for the application of PAP and support the combination usage of this pectin and KGM in food and other industries.

Fermented Momordica charantia L. juice modulates hyperglycemia, lipid profile, and gut microbiota in type 2 diabetic rats.

The effect of Lactobacillus plantarum-fermentation on the anti-diabetic functionality of Momordica charantia was examined using a high-fat-diet and low-dose streptozocin-induced type 2 diabetic rat model. Fermented Momordica charantia juice (FMCJ) administration mitigated the hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, and oxidative stress in diabetic rats more favorably than the non-fermented counterpart. Treatments with FMCJ improved ergosterols and lysomonomethyl-phosphatidylethanolamines metabolisms more effectively. Supplement of FMCJ regulated the composition of the gut microbiota, such as increased the abundance of Bacteroides caecigallinarum, Oscillibacter ruminantium, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Prevotella loescheii, Prevotella oralis, and Prevotella melaninogenica, in diabetic rats compared with untreated diabetic rats. Moreover, FMCJ-treated diabetic rats exhibited higher concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, total short-chain fatty acids and lower pH values in colonic contents than that in non-fermented juice-treated rats. These results demonstrated that Lactobacillus plantarum-fermentation enhanced the anti-diabetic property of MC juice by favoring the regulation of gut microbiota and the production of SCFAs.

Polysaccharides from fermented Momordica charantia ameliorate obesity in high-fat induced obese rats.

Momordica charantia (M. charantia) has been widely used to treat obesity due to its bioactive ingredients. This research aimed to investigate the anti-obesity effect of polysaccharides (FP) from fermented M. charantia with Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 on high-fat induced obese rats. We found that FP could effectively lower the body weight gain, Lee's index, insulin resistance and cell sizes of epididymal adipose tissues in obese rats compared with polysaccharides from non-fermented M. charantia (NFP). FP treatments decreased the total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, leptin, whereas they elevated the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, adiponectin, significantly in the serum of obese rats. Furthermore, administrations of FP notably improved oxidative balance in obese rats. Lipidomics results indicated that 24 potential biomarkers have been identified in serum. Additionally, 21 lipids were considerably altered by FP and NFP intakes, such as fatty acyls, glycerolipids, sphingolipids, sterol lipids and glycerophospholipids. The anti-obesity properties of FP were revealed via relieving insulin resistance and fat accumulation of obese rats, which was associated with the regulation of lipid metabolism. Overall, FP exerted more favourable impacts on the anti-obesity effect than NFP, which may be attributed to fermentation.

Molecular properties and immunomodulatory activities of a water-soluble heteropolysaccharide isolated from Plantago asiatica L. leaves.

This study aims at investigating physical-chemical properties of a water-soluble heteropolysaccharide from Plnatago asiatica L. leaves, and its immunomodulatory effects on macrophages RAW264.7 cells. Hot water-extracted crude polysaccharide from the plant leaves (PLLCP) was fractionated into four fractions by DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow eluted with 0.1-0.5 M NaCl solutions. The most abundant fraction (0.3 M NaCl elution), designated PLLP-2, was identified as a heteropolysaccharide with an average molecular weight (Mw) of 3.54 × 104 and composed mainly of Gal (34.4%), GalA (36.5%), Ara (10.1%) and Rha (8.4%). PLLP-2 was an acidic polysaccharide exhibiting inflaky curly aggregation with smooth surface. PLLCP and its main subfraction PLLP-2 displayed immunomodulatory activities by stimulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-1ß in macrophage RAW264.7 cells. These results indicate that the main polysaccharide fraction purified from P. asiatica L. leaves is probably pectin, and have potential immunomodulatory function.

Tea Polysaccharides Inhibit Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer via Interleukin-6/STAT3 Pathway.

The interleukin-6 (IL-6)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 signaling pathway regulates proliferation and survival of intestinal epithelial cells and has profound impact on the tumorigenesis of colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Tea polysaccharides (TPS) are the major nutraceutical component isolated from tea-leaves and are known to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor bioactivities. Here, we investigated the antitumor activities of TPS on CAC using the azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS) mouse model and IL-6-induced colorectal cancer cell line (CT26) and determined whether TPS exerted its antitumor effects through the IL-6/STAT3 pathway. Results demonstrated that TPS significantly decreased the tumor incidence, tumor size, and markedly inhibited the infiltration of pro-inflammatory cells and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines via balancing cellular microenvironment. Furthermore, we found that TPS suppressed the activation of STAT3 and transcriptionally regulated the expressions of downstream genes including MMP2, cyclin Dl, survivin, and VEGF both in vivo and in vitro. Thus, it was concluded that TPS attenuated the progress of CAC via suppressing IL-6/STAT3 pathway and downstream genes' expressions, which indicated that TPS may be a hopeful antitumor agent for the prevention and treatment of colon cancer.

Tea Polysaccharide Prevents Colitis-Associated Carcinogenesis in Mice by Inhibiting the Proliferation and Invasion of Tumor Cells.

The imbalance between cell proliferation and apoptosis can lead to tumor progression, causing oncogenic transformation, abnormal cell proliferation and cell apoptosis suppression. Tea polysaccharide (TPS) is the major bioactive component in green tea, it has showed antioxidant, antitumor and anti-inflammatory bioactivities. In this study, the chemoprophylaxis effects of TPS on colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis, especially the cell apoptosis activation and inhibition effects on cell proliferation and invasion were analyzed. The azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS) was used to induce the colorectal carcinogenesis in mice. Results showed that the tumor incidence was reduced in TPS-treated AOM/DSS mice compared to AOM/DSS mice. TUNEL staining and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry staining showed that the TPS treatment increased significantly the cell apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation among AOM/DSS mice. Furthermore, TPS reduced the expression levels of the cell cycle protein cyclin D1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9. In addition, in vitro studies showed that TPS, suppressed the proliferation and invasion of the mouse colon cancer cells. Overall, our findings demonstrated that TPS could be a potential agent in the treatment and/or prevention of colon tumor, which promoted the apoptosis and suppressed the proliferation and invasion of the mouse colon cancer cells via arresting cell cycle progression.

Enzymatic purification and structure characterization of glucuronoxylan from water extract of Cassia obtusifolia seeds.

Enzymatic hydrolysis was proposed for the first time to purify the sub-fraction of water-extracted cassia polysaccharide (CP-40), and a homogeneous polysaccharide CP-40-M was obtained with relatively high yield. The structural features of CP-40-M were characterized using size-exclusion chromatography equipped with multiple detectors (SEC-MALLS), high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC), methylation and gas chromatography-mass (GC-MS), as well as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. The weight-average molecular weight for CP-40-M was determined to be 0.29×105Da, and the molar ratio of xylose to glucuronic acid was 4.62. The structure of CP-40-M was elucidated to be glucuronoxylan, with glucopyranosyluronic acid group terminally attached to O-2 of the →4)-ß-Xylp-(1→ backbone. It was the first time to obtain this type of xylan from the water extract of Cassia obtusifolia seeds. The structure elucidation of CP-40-M was meaningful for better understanding the natural characteristics of cassia polysaccharide and important for their potential use in food industry and folk medicine.

Immunomodulatory Activity of Ganoderma atrum Polysaccharide on Purified T Lymphocytes through Ca2+/CaN and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Based on RNA Sequencing.

Our previous study has demonstrated that Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) has immunomodulatory activity on spleen lymphocytes. However, how PSG-1 exerts its effect on purified lymphocytes is still obscure. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory activity of PSG-1 on purified T lymphocytes and further elucidate the underlying mechanism based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Our results showed that PSG-1 promoted T lymphocytes proliferation and increased the production of IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-12. Meanwhile, RNA-seq analysis found 394 differentially expressed genes. KEGG pathway analysis identified 20 significant canonical pathways and seven biological functions. Furthermore, PSG-1 elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentration and calcineurin (CaN) activity and raised the p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-p38 expression levels. T lymphocytes proliferation and the production of IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-12 were decreased by the inhibitors of calcium channel and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). These results indicated that PSG-1 possesses immunomodulatory activity on purified T lymphocytes, in which Ca2+/CaN and MAPK pathways play essential roles.

Isolation, structure, and bioactivities of polysaccharides from Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja.

Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja, a well-known edible and medicinal plant, has been widely used in China as a traditional medicine for treating hypertension and diabetes. C. paliurus possesses various bioactivities, such as antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antihypertensive, anticancer, antifatigue, antioxidation, antimicrobial, colon health-promoting, and immunological activities. Polysaccharides, as natural macromolecules with various biological activities, are considered to be the main effective components in C. paliurus. Here, we summarize studies of polysaccharides from C. paliurus over the past 20 years, including extraction and purification processes, structure, and bioactivities.

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate alleviates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in sarcoma 180 tumor-bearing mice.

AIMS: (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major green tea polyphenol compound, plays an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of EGCG on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity in Sarcoma 180 (S180) tumor-bearing mice. MAIN METHODS: S180 tumor-bearing mice were established by subcutaneous inoculation of S180 cells attached to the axillary region. The extent of myocardial injury was accessed by the amount of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released in serum. Heart tissue was morphologically studied with transmission electron microscopy. Apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔÑ°m) as well as calcium concentration were measured by flow cytometric analysis. Expression levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) were analyzed by Western blot. KEY FINDINGS: Results showed that the combination with EGCG and DOX significantly inhibited tumor growth and enhanced induction of apoptosis compared with DOX alone. Moreover, administration of EGCG could suppress DOX-induced cardiotoxicity as evidenced by alleviating LDH release and apoptosis in cardiomyocyte. EGCG-evoked cardioprotection was in association with the increase of ΔÑ°m and MnSOD expression. EGCG was also found to attenuate ROS generation and myocardial calcium overload in Sarcoma 180 tumor-bearing mice subjected to DOX. SIGNIFICANCE: EGCG alleviated DOX-induced cardiotoxicity possibly in part mediated by increasing of MnSOD and Ñ°m, reducing myocardial calcium overload and subsequently attenuating the apoptosis and LDH release. Our findings suggest that co-administration of EGCG and DOX have potential as a feasible strategy to mitigate cardiotoxicity of DOX without compromising its chemotherapeutic value.

Effect of encapsulated carvacrol on the incidence of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.

There is an urgent need to control necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens in chickens when antibiotics are withdrawn from feed. Carvacrol has strong antimicrobial activity and its delivery to the animal intestine can be significantly enhanced after encapsulation. The present study has investigated the potential of encapsulated carvacrol in controlling NE. In general, micro-encapsulation of carvacrol in an alginate-whey protein matrix showed no adverse effect on its antimicrobial activity towards C. perfringens in either Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth or a simulated gastrointestinal model. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of both encapsulated and un-encapsulated carvacrol were approximately 200 µl/l against C. perfringens in BHI. In a broiler infection model with C. perfringens, the diets supplemented with encapsulated carvacrol at the dose of either 250 or 650 µg/g significantly reduced NE in the chicken intestine, which was close to the degree of lesions observed in bacitracin/salinomycin treated birds. Supplementation with either bacitracin/salinomycin or encapsulated carvacrol showed no significant impact on intestinal burden of Lactobacillus. However, the treatment with bacitracin/salinomycin or the low dose of encapsulated carvacrol reduced the level of C. perfringens in the ileum of birds at 35 days of age. These results suggest that our encapsulated carvacrol can be used to combat NE disease in chickens.

Advances on Bioactive Polysaccharides from Medicinal Plants.

In recent decades, the polysaccharides from the medicinal plants have attracted a lot of attention due to their significant bioactivities, such as anti-tumor activity, antioxidant activity, anticoagulant activity, antidiabetic activity, radioprotection effect, anti-viral activity, hypolipidemic and immunomodulatory activities, which make them suitable for medicinal applications. Previous studies have also shown that medicinal plant polysaccharides are non-toxic and show no side effects. Based on these encouraging observations, most researches have been focusing on the isolation and identification of polysaccharides, as well as their bioactivities. A large number of bioactive polysaccharides with different structural features and biological effects from medicinal plants have been purified and characterized. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the most recent developments in physiochemical, structural features and biological activities of bioactive polysaccharides from a number of important medicinal plants, such as polysaccharides from Astragalus membranaceus, Dendrobium plants, Bupleurum, Cactus fruits, Acanthopanax senticosus, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, Aloe barbadensis Miller, and Dimocarpus longan Lour. Moreover, the paper has also been focused on the applications of bioactive polysaccharides for medicinal applications. Recent studies have provided evidence that polysaccharides from medicinal plants can play a vital role in bioactivities. The contents and data will serve as a useful reference material for further investigation, production, and application of these polysaccharides in functional foods and therapeutic agents.

Carboxymethylation of polysaccharide from Cyclocarya paliurus and their characterization and antioxidant properties evaluation.

In this study, three chemically carboxymethyl polysaccharides (CM-CPs) were derived from Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharides. The physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity in vitro of carboxymethyl derivatives were determined. The results of degree of substitution and FT-IR analysis showed the carboxymethylation of polysaccharides were successful. Compared with unmodified polysaccharides, the contents of carbohydrate and protein were decreased while CM-CP3 with highest DS value had more uronic acid. The carboxymethyl derivatives was mainly composed of Ara, Gal, Glc, Man, GalA, with a molecular weight (Mw) of 1.03-1.08 × 10(6)Da. Compared with the native polysaccharide, the CM-CP3 with highest DS and Mw exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in ß-carotene-linoleic acid assay. However, the superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were decreased by CM-CPs. These results demonstrated appropriate carboxymethylation modification could enhance the potential of C. paliurus polysaccharide as oxidation inhibitor.

Biocompatible and biodegradable nanoparticles for enhancement of anti-cancer activities of phytochemicals.

Many phytochemicals show promise in cancer prevention and treatment, but their low aqueous solubility, poor stability, unfavorable bioavailability, and low target specificity make administering them at therapeutic doses unrealistic. This is particularly true for (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, curcumin, quercetin, resveratrol, and genistein. There is an increasing interest in developing novel delivery strategies for these natural products. Liposomes, micelles, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers and poly (lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles are biocompatible and biodegradable nanoparticles. Those nanoparticles can increase the stability and solubility of phytochemicals, exhibit a sustained release property, enhance their absorption and bioavailability, protect them from premature enzymatic degradation or metabolism, prolong their circulation time, improve their target specificity to cancer cells or tumors via passive or targeted delivery, lower toxicity or side-effects to normal cells or tissues through preventing them from prematurely interacting with the biological environment, and enhance anti-cancer activities. Nanotechnology opens a door for developing phytochemical-loaded nanoparticles for prevention and treatment of cancer.

Sulfated polysaccharides from Cyclocarya paliurus reduce H2O2-induced oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells.

In this study, two sulfated polysaccharides (S-CP1-4 and S-CP1-8) from Cyclocarya paliurus were produced by chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine method. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used to develop an oxidative stress model in the mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7. Effects of the two sulfated polysaccharides on H2O2-induced oxidative stress were investigated. The results showed that S-CP(1-8) improved the viability of the H2O2-induced stressed RAW264.7 cells, as well as inhibited the lipid oxidation as determined by the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). Meanwhile, treatment with S-CP(1-4) increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in these cells. The sulfated polysaccharides were found to have a better protective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress as compared to the native polysaccharide. Scanning electron microscopy also showed a significant change in the surface morphology of sulfated polysaccharides, but the degradation of main chain of polysaccharides was unconspicuous according to the results of monosaccharide composition. In addition, the sulfated polysaccharides had noticeable DPPH radical scavenging activity. In summary, our results demonstrated that H2O2 was able to induce oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells, and sulfated group might play an important role in resistance to H2O2-induced oxidative damage.

Extraction, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of flavonoids from Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja leaves.

Microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja leaves, its chemical composition and antioxidant activity were investigated in this study. The influences of parameters including temperature, extraction time, ratio of material to solvent and solvents on the yield of flavonoids were studied. The optimal conditions were determined and the quadratic response surfaces were drawn from the mathematical models. The maximum extraction yield of 15.64 mg/g was achieved at temperature of 76.8 °C, extraction time of 15 min, alcohol concentration of 63.2% and ratio of solvent to material of 21.4:1. Five main constituents in the extract including quercetin-3-O-ß-D-glucuronide, quercetin, kaempferol-3-O-ß-D-glucuronide, kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnoside and kaempferol were identified by LC-MS. In vitro antioxidant assays showed that the extract exhibited a strong DPPH radical-scavenging ability with IC50 value of 0.146 mg/mL. Results indicated that MAE was a suitable approach for the selective extraction of flavonoids from C. paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja leaves.

Signaling pathway involved in the immunomodulatory effect of Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide in spleen lymphocytes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the immunomodulatory effect of Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) in spleen lymphocytes. Our results showed that PSG-1 increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and calcineurin (CaN) activity. Moreover, PSG-1 was found to elevate nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activity, but this effect could be diminished by the treatment of CaN inhibitors (cyclosporin A and FK506). PSG-1-induced interleukin (IL)-2 production was also inhibited by cyclosporin A and FK506. In addition, PSG-1 was found to significantly enhance protein kinase C (PKC) activity. PKC was involved in induction of NFAT activity by PSG-1, as evidenced by abrogation of NFAT activity by PKC inhibitor calphostin C, which significantly decreased PSG-1-induced IL-2 production. On the basis of these results, we concluded that PSG-1 may induce activation of spleen lymphocytes at least in part via the Ca2+/CaN/NFAT/IL-2 signaling pathway and the PKC/NFAT/IL-2 signaling pathway cooperatively regulated PSG-1-induced activation of spleen lymphocytes.

Exposure assessment of 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol esters from edible oils and fats in China.

3-monochoropropane-1, 2-diol (3-MCPD) esters from edible oils are considered to be a possible risk factor for adverse effects in human. In the present study, the exposure assessment of 3-MCPD esters to Chinese population was performed. A total of 143 edible oil and fat samples collected from Chinese markets were determined for the concentrations of 3-MCPD esters. The concentration data together with the data of fats consumed were analyzed by the point evaluation and probabilistic assessment for the exposure assessment. The point evaluation showed that the mean daily intake (DI) of 3-MCPD esters were lower than the value of provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 3-MCPD (2 µg/kg BW/d). The mean DI values in different age groups obtained from probabilistic assessment were similar to the results of the point evaluation. However, in high percentiles (95th, 97.5th, 99th), the DI values in all age groups were undesirably higher than the value of PMTDI. Overall, the children and adolescents exposed more to 3-MCPD esters than the adults. Uncertainty was also analyzed for the exposure assessment. Decreasing the level of 3-MCPD esters in edible oils and consuming less oil were top priority to minimize the risk of 3-MCPD esters.