Emergence of Antifungal Resistant Subclades in the Global Predominant Phylogenetic Population of Candida albicans.

Candida albicans remains the most common species causing invasive candidiasis. In this study, we present the population structure of 551 global C. albicans strains. Of these, the antifungal susceptibilities of 370 strains were tested. Specifically, 66.6% of the azole-nonsusceptible (NS)/non-wild-type (NWT) strains that were tested belonged to Clade 1. A phylogenetic analysis, a principal components analysis, the population structure, and a loss of heterozygosity events revealed two nested subclades in Clade 1, namely, Clade 1-R and Clade 1-R-α, that exhibited higher azole-NS/NWT rates (75.0% and 100%, respectively). In contrast, 6.4% (21/326) of the non-Clade 1-R isolates were NS/NWT to at least 1 of 4 azoles. Notably, all of the Clade 1-R-α isolates were pan-azole-NS/NWT that carried unique A114S and Y257H double substitutions in Erg11p and had the overexpression of ABC-type efflux pumps introduced by the substitution A736V in transcript factor Tac1p. It is worth noting that the Clade 1-R and Clade 1-R-α isolates were from different cities that are distributed over a large geographic span. Our study demonstrated the presence of specific phylogenetic subclades that are associated with antifungal resistance among C. albicans Clade 1, which calls for public attention on the monitoring of the future spread of these clones. IMPORTANCE Invasive candidiasis is the most common human fungal disease among hospitalized patients, and Candida albicans is the predominant pathogen. Considering the large number of infected cases and the limited alternative therapies, the azole-resistance of C. albicans brings a huge clinical threat. Here, our study suggested that antifungal resistance in C. albicans could also be associated with phylogenetic lineages. Specifically, it was revealed that more than half of the azole-resistant C. albicans strains belonged to the same clade. Furthermore, two nested subclades of the clade exhibited extremely high azole-resistance. It is worth noting that the isolates of two subclades were from different cities that are distributed over a large geographic span in China. This indicates that the azole-resistant C. albicans subclades may develop into serious public health concerns.

Elucidation of the Reinforcing Spleen Effect of Jujube Fruits Based on Metabolomics and Intestinal Flora Analysis.

Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) fruit (JF) is widely consumed as food in Asian countries due to its potential effects for human health. As a traditional Chinese medicine, JF is often used to treat anorexia, fatigue and loose stools caused by spleen deficiency syndromes in China, but the mechanism underlying this effect has not been thoroughly elucidated. In this study, a rat model of spleen deficiency syndromes was adopted to investigate the therapeutic effect of JF extract and its possible mechanism by metabolomics analyses of plasma and urine as well as the intestinal flora analysis. The results showed that the changes in plasma and urine metabolites caused by spleen deficiency were reversed after administration of JF, and these changed endogenous metabolites were mainly involved in retinol metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, nicotinate and niacinamide metabolism pathways. The 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that JF could regulate intestinal flora imbalance caused by spleen deficiency. The covariance analysis of intestinal flora structure and metabolome indicated that Aerococcus may be a candidate strain for predicting and treating the metabolic pathways of spleen deficiency and related disorders. In summary, it can be revealed that spleen deficiency, which alters metabolic profiles and the intestinal flora, could be alleviated effectively by JF extract.

[Correlations between resting-state brain functional characteristics and TCM syndrome in premature ejaculation patients with heart-kidney disharmony].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between the characteristics of resting-state brain function and the types of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome in premature ejaculation (PE) patients with heart-kidney disharmony, and the pathogenesis of abnormal ejaculation of the patients. METHODS: We enrolled 33 PE patients with heart-kidney disharmony and 32 healthy controls matched in general demographic data, evaluated the severity of the main and concurrent symptoms of PE using the PE Diagnostic Tool (PEDT) and TCM Syndrome Scale (TCMSS), and obtained the brain structural and functional MRI data. We processed the collected data and calculated the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF), fractional ALFF (fALFF) and regional homogeneity (Reho) of the brain with the DPABI software. Using the REST software package, we compared the significantly different brain areas between the PE and control groups by two-sample t-test and corrected the results for multiple comparisons by AlphaSim, followed by Pearson correlation analysis of ALFF, fALFF and Reho in abnormal brain areas and the PEDT and CMSS scores of the patients. RESULTS: The PE patients showed decreased ALFF values in the bilateral inferior temporal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus and left orbital part of the inferior frontal gyrus, and increased ALFF values in the bilateral hippocampus, thalamus and precuneus, right inferior occipital gyrus, right calcarine and left inferior parietal, with positive correlations of the ALFF values of the left thalamus with the scores on PEDT (r = 0.35, P < 0.05) and TCMSS (r = 0.44, P < 0.05). The fALFF values of the patients were also decreased in the left temporal pole of the middle temporal gyrus and left anterior cingulate gyrus, but increased in the left inferior temporal gyrus. The Reho values of the patients were decreased as well in the right inferior temporal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus, right middle occipital gyrus, right middle occipital gyrus and right precuneus, but increased in the left temporal pole of the middle temporal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus and left superior frontal gyrus, with negative correlations between the Reho value of the right superior parietal gyrus and TCMSS scores (r = －0.35, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Abnormal brain regions were found in PE patients with heart-kidney disharmony, with might be the pathologically associated with PE symptoms and heart-kidney disharmony of the patients.

[Temporal and Spatial Variations in Water Quality of Hanjiang River and Its Influencing Factors in Recent Years].

Hanjiang River is the main water source and influence area of the Middle Route of the South to North Water Transfer Project. In recent years, the water quality and ecological environment in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River has become seriously degraded and water blooms occur frequently. Scientific identification of the temporal and spatial variations in water environment quality (and the main driving factors) has become an important management requirement for optimizing the upstream water transfer project. The temporal and spatial variations and influencing factors of water quality in the Hanjiang River basin were systematically analyzed, based on multi-source data and using the Daniel trend test, Mann Kendall test, K-means cluster analysis, dissimilarity analysis, and redundancy analysis. Results showed that: ① in recent years, the main stream of the Hanjiang River had generally good water quality, which was generally classified as class Ⅱ of GB 3838-2002, while the water quality of some sections in the middle and lower reaches was classified as class Ⅲ. However, the total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) load was relatively high, with 10 stations in the Hanjiang River basin showing averaged concentrations of 0.028-0.263 mg·L-1 and 0.630-1.852 mg·L-1, respectively, during 2014-2018. ② From 2004 to 2018, TP and TN at Zongguan station did not show significant variation, and other water quality indexes did not exhibit any regular patterns. The concentrations of TN, NH4+-N, and BOD5 in the dry season were higher than those in the wet season. In the wet season. the permanganate index showed different variation patterns, while TP concentration did not decrease significantly. ③ Different sections showed obvious differences in the variation of water quality indexes. However, the ten stations can be clustered into three categories: the upstream stations showed the best water quality, followed by the middle reaches, and the downstream stations showed the worst. The water quality at Xiaohe station improved significantly over the study period, which may be related to protection measures implemented in recent years, such as source control, emission reduction, and removal of aquaculture. ④ Water discharge and temperature were important factors affecting the water quality of the three regions in Hanjiang River. According to redundancy analysis, the contribution of discharge to water quality in the upstream and downstream areas was much larger, while the contribution of water temperature was greatest in the middle reaches of the river.

[Acupuncture therapy for chronic prostatitis / chronic pelvic pain syndrome and its central neural mechanisms].

Chronic prostatitis / chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is one of the common diseases in andrology, with the main clinical symptoms of long-term and repeated pain or discomfort in the pelvic region. Acupuncture has been widely used in the treatment of CP/CPPS-related pelvic pain and discomfort with rapid and long-lasting effects, and its combination with Western medicine can produce an even better effect than Western medicine alone. At present, various theories have been advanced on the action mechanisms of the acupuncture therapy for CP/CPPS, involving immunoregulation, improvement of inflammatory response, and so on, but all fail to give a full explanation. With the development of neuroimaging technology, CP/CPPS patients are found with changes in the structure and function of the brain, and a large number of studies have confirmed the effect of acupuncture in improving the cerebral function and structure of the patients with chronic pain symptoms. This review outlines the advances in the studies of acupuncture therapy for CP/CPPS and its underlying central neural mechanisms, paving the theoretical ground for a deeper insight into the central neural mechanisms of and an optimized protocol for acupuncture treatment of CP/CPPS-related pain symptoms.

Reconfiguration of Dynamic Functional Connectivity in Sensory and Perceptual System in Schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is thought as a self-disorder with dysfunctional brain connectivity. This self-disorder is often attributed to high-order cognitive impairment. Yet due to the frequent report of sensorial and perceptual deficits, it has been hypothesized that self-disorder in schizophrenia is dysfunctional communication between sensory and cognitive processes. To further verify this assumption, the present study comprehensively examined dynamic reconfigurations of resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in schizophrenia at voxel level, region level, and network levels (102 patients vs. 124 controls). We found patients who show consistently increased rsFC variability in sensory and perceptual system, including visual network, sensorimotor network, attention network, and thalamus at all the three levels. However, decreased variability in high-order networks, such as default mode network and frontal-parietal network were only consistently observed at region and network levels. Taken together, these findings highlighted the rudimentary role of elevated instability of information communication in sensory and perceptual system and attenuated whole-brain integration of high-order network in schizophrenia, which provided novel neural evidence to support the hypothesis of disrupted perceptual and cognitive function in schizophrenia. The foci of effects also highlighted that targeting perceptual deficits can be regarded as the key to enhance our understanding of pathophysiology in schizophrenia and promote new treatment intervention.

Underlying Signaling Pathways and Therapeutic Applications of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Bone Repair.

Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation, as a prospective, noninvasive, and safe physical therapy strategy to accelerate bone repair has received tremendous attention in recent decades. Physical PEMF stimulation initiates the signaling cascades, which effectively promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis in an orchestrated spatiotemporal manner and ultimately enhance the self-repair capability of bone tissues. Considerable research progresses have been made in exploring the underlying cellular and subcellular mechanisms of PEMF promotion effect in bone repair. Moreover, the promotion effect has shown strikingly positive benefits in the treatment of various skeletal diseases. However, many preclinical and clinical efficacy evaluation studies are still needed to make PEMFs more effective and extensive in clinical application. In this review, we briefly introduce the basic knowledge of PEMFs on bone repair, systematically elaborate several key signaling pathways involved in PEMFs-induced bone repair, and then discuss the therapeutic applications of PEMFs alone or in combination with other available therapies in bone repair, and evaluate the treatment effect by analyzing and summarizing recent literature.

[Correlation between TCM syndrome types and clinical symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia with chronic prostatitis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between the syndrome types of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and clinical symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with chronic prostatitis (BPH-CP). METHODS: We selected 150 cases of BPH-CP in this study and divided them into 7 TCM syndrome types. Using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, we studied the correlation of each TCM syndrome type with the age, disease course, prostate volume, postvoid residual urine volume (PVR), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), and International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS). RESULTS: Kidney-yin deficiency was correlated positively with the prostate volume but negatively with Qmax and IPSS; kidney-yang deficiency positively with the age and prostate volume but negatively with IPSS; the damp heat syndrome positively with the PSA level but negatively with the disease course, prostate volume and Qmax; the spleen-qi deficiency syndrome positively with the prostate volume but negatively with the disease course; liver-qi stagnation positively with the disease course but negatively with the age, prostate volume and PVR; the syndrome of qi stagnation and blood stasis positively with the disease course and IPSS but negatively with PVR; the syndrome of lung-heat and qi blockage positively with the age, Qmax and IPSS but negatively with the disease course. CONCLUSIONS: The TCM syndrome types of BPH-CP are closely correlated to their clinical symptoms. The analysis of the clinical objective indexes of BPH-CP can provide some reliable evidence for accurate identification of the TCM syndrome type of the disease.

Correlation between TCM syndrome types and clinical symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia with chronic prostatitis / 中华男科学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the correlation between the syndrome types of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and clinical symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with chronic prostatitis (BPH-CP).@*METHODS@#We selected 150 cases of BPH-CP in this study and divided them into 7 TCM syndrome types. Using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, we studied the correlation of each TCM syndrome type with the age, disease course, prostate volume, postvoid residual urine volume (PVR), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), and International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS).@*RESULTS@#Kidney-yin deficiency was correlated positively with the prostate volume but negatively with Qmax and IPSS; kidney-yang deficiency positively with the age and prostate volume but negatively with IPSS; the damp heat syndrome positively with the PSA level but negatively with the disease course, prostate volume and Qmax; the spleen-qi deficiency syndrome positively with the prostate volume but negatively with the disease course; liver-qi stagnation positively with the disease course but negatively with the age, prostate volume and PVR; the syndrome of qi stagnation and blood stasis positively with the disease course and IPSS but negatively with PVR; the syndrome of lung-heat and qi blockage positively with the age, Qmax and IPSS but negatively with the disease course.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The TCM syndrome types of BPH-CP are closely correlated to their clinical symptoms. The analysis of the clinical objective indexes of BPH-CP can provide some reliable evidence for accurate identification of the TCM syndrome type of the disease.

[Modified Jujing No.2 Decoction for varicocele-induced male infertility].

Objective: To investigate the clinical effect of Jujing No.2 Decoction on male infertility induced by varicocele. METHODS: We equally randomized 70 male patients with varicocele-induced infertility into a treatment group and a control group, the former treated with modified Jujing No.2 Decoction (1 dose a day, bid) and the latter given Danshen Tablets (4 tablets once, tid) plus Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (8 pills once, tid), both for 3 months. We examined the spermatic veins of the patients by ultrasonography and performed seminal analysis before and after medication. RESULTS: Compared with the controls, the patients in the treatment group showed significant improvement after medication in sperm concentration (ï¼»12.35±2.12ï¼½ vs ï¼»18.56±4.16ï¼½ ×106/ml, P<0.05), progressively motile sperm (ï¼»16.18±6.34ï¼½ vs ï¼»24.63±8.51ï¼½ %, P<0.05), and morphologically normal sperm (ï¼»11.59±5.31ï¼½ vs ï¼»14.17±6.02ï¼½ %, P<0.05). In the control group, sperm concentration was increased from (12.29±2.07) ×106/ml at the baseline to (13.13±3.13) ×106/ml after medication, progressively motile sperm from (16.13±6.45) % to (20.55±7.30) % (P<0.05), and morphologically normal sperm from (11.62±5.35) % to (12.69±5.77) %. The total effectiveness rate was significantly higher in the treatment than in the control group (71.88% vs 46.67%, P<0.05). The inner diameter of the left spermatic vein was decreased from (0.32±0.05) mm at the baseline to ï¼»0.26±0.05ï¼½ mm after medication in the treatment group (P<0.05) and from (0.32±0.03) mm to (0.29±0.04) mm in the control (P<0.05), with statistically significant difference between the two groups after medication (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Jujing No.2 Decoction is effective in the treatment of varicocele-induced male infertility.

Modified Jujing No.2 Decoction for varicocele-induced male infertility / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>Objective</b>To investigate the clinical effect of Jujing No.2 Decoction on male infertility induced by varicocele.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We equally randomized 70 male patients with varicocele-induced infertility into a treatment group and a control group, the former treated with modified Jujing No.2 Decoction (1 dose a day, bid) and the latter given Danshen Tablets (4 tablets once, tid) plus Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (8 pills once, tid), both for 3 months. We examined the spermatic veins of the patients by ultrasonography and performed seminal analysis before and after medication.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the controls, the patients in the treatment group showed significant improvement after medication in sperm concentration (［12.35±2.12］ vs ［18.56±4.16］ ×10⁶/ml, P<0.05), progressively motile sperm (［16.18±6.34］ vs ［24.63±8.51］ %, P<0.05), and morphologically normal sperm (［11.59±5.31］ vs ［14.17±6.02］ %, P<0.05). In the control group, sperm concentration was increased from (12.29±2.07) ×10⁶/ml at the baseline to (13.13±3.13) ×10⁶/ml after medication, progressively motile sperm from (16.13±6.45) % to (20.55±7.30) % (P<0.05), and morphologically normal sperm from (11.62±5.35) % to (12.69±5.77) %. The total effectiveness rate was significantly higher in the treatment than in the control group (71.88% vs 46.67%, P<0.05). The inner diameter of the left spermatic vein was decreased from (0.32±0.05) mm at the baseline to ［0.26±0.05］ mm after medication in the treatment group (P<0.05) and from (0.32±0.03) mm to (0.29±0.04) mm in the control (P<0.05), with statistically significant difference between the two groups after medication (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Jujing No.2 Decoction is effective in the treatment of varicocele-induced male infertility.</p>

[Research advances on caspase-independent cell death of K562 cells].

Caspase independent cell death (CICD) is defined as death that ensues when a signal that normally induces apoptosis fails to activate caspases,it can be activated by PARP-1, Calpains, Bax and AIF, possessing distinctive biologic characteristic differed from apoptosis and necrosis. Recent researchs have found that the molecular mechanisms governing CICD of K562 is opposite from that of the traditional medicine killing leukemia cells, which may have the potential pharmaceutical point for new drugs. This article reviews the newly acquaintance of molecular mechanisms for CICD and recent studies concerning the induction death of K562 cells via CICD, so as to provide some reference for the research of new drug point.

Effect of aerobic exercise and low carbohydrate diet on pre-diabetic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in postmenopausal women and middle aged men--the role of gut microbiota composition: study protocol for the AELC randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Pre-diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are associated with an unhealthy lifestyle and pose extremely high costs to the healthcare system. In this study, we aim to explore whether individualized aerobic exercise (AEx) and low carbohydrate diet (LCh) intervention affect hepatic fat content (HFC) in pre-diabetes via modification of gut microbiota composition and other post-interventional effects. METHODS/DESIGN: A 6-month randomized intervention with 6-month follow-up is conducted from January 2013 to December 2015. The target sample size for intervention is 200 postmenopausal women and middle-aged men aged 50-65 year-old with pre-diabetes and NAFLD. The qualified subjects are randomized into 4 groups with 50 subjects in each group: 1 = AEx, 2 = LCh, 3 = AEx + LCh, and 4 = control. In addition, two age-matched reference groups (5 = pre-diabetes without NAFLD (n = 50) and 6 = Healthy without pre-diabetes or NAFLD (n = 50)) are included. The exercise program consists of progressive and variable aerobic exercise (intensity of 60 to 75% of initial fitness level, 3-5 times/week and 30-60 min/time). The diet program includes dietary consultation plus supplementation with a special lunch meal (40% of total energy intake/day) which aims to reduce the amount of carbohydrate consumption (30%). The control and reference groups are advised to maintain their habitual habits during the intervention. The primary outcome measures are HFC, serum metabolomics and gut microbiota composition. The secondary outcome measures include body composition and cytokines. In addition, socio-psychological aspects, social support, physical activity and diet will be performed by means of questionnaire and interview. DISCUSSION: Specific individualized exercise and diet intervention in this study offers a more efficient approach for liver fat reduction and diabetes prevention via modification of gut microbiota composition. Besides, the study explores the importance of incorporating fitness assessment and exercise in the management of patients with pre-diabetes and fatty liver disorders. If our program is shown to be effective, it will open new strategies to combat these chronic diseases. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials: ISRCTN42622771.

[Yiqi Zhujing granule for idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia: a clinical study].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of Yiqi Zhujing Particle in the treatment of idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia. METHODS: We equally randomized 78 patients with idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia to a control group and a Yiqi Zhujing group, the former treated with oral medication of zinc gluconate liquid (10 ml, bid) and vitamin E (100 mg, bid), and the latter given Yiqi Zhujing Granule (1 packet, bid) in addition, both for 3 months. We compared the semen parameters and biochemical indexes of the seminal plasma obtained before and after medication between the two groups of patients. RESULTS: After 3 months of treatment, remarkable improvement was observed in the percentage of progressively motile sperm and sperm viability in the control group (P < 0.05) as well as in the total sperm count, sperm concentration, percentage of progressively motile sperm, and sperm viability in the Yiqi Zhujing group (P < 0.05). The total sperm count, sperm concentration, percentage of progressively motile sperm, and sperm viability were even more significantly improved in the Yiqi Zhujing than in the control group (P < 0.05). Besides, both groups showed different degrees of improvement in the biochemical indexes of the seminal plasma, and the Yiqi Zhujing group exhibited even more significant improvement in seminal plasma zinc, alpha-glucoside enzyme, seminal plasma fructose, and acid phosphatase than the control (P < 0.05). The improvement of sperm concentration was correlated positively with the change of seminal plasma zinc (r = 0.201, P < 0.05) but negatively with that of seminal plasma fructose after treatment (r = -0.136, P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the alpha-glucoside enzyme level and sperm viability (r = 0.314, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Yiqi Zhujing Particle is effective for idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia by significantly improving the total sperm count, sperm concentration, percentage of progressively motile sperm, sperm viability, seminal plasma zinc, seminal plasma fructose, and alpha-glucoside enzyme.

Yiqi Zhujing granule for idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia: a clinical study / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the efficacy of Yiqi Zhujing Particle in the treatment of idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We equally randomized 78 patients with idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia to a control group and a Yiqi Zhujing group, the former treated with oral medication of zinc gluconate liquid (10 ml, bid) and vitamin E (100 mg, bid), and the latter given Yiqi Zhujing Granule (1 packet, bid) in addition, both for 3 months. We compared the semen parameters and biochemical indexes of the seminal plasma obtained before and after medication between the two groups of patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After 3 months of treatment, remarkable improvement was observed in the percentage of progressively motile sperm and sperm viability in the control group (P < 0.05) as well as in the total sperm count, sperm concentration, percentage of progressively motile sperm, and sperm viability in the Yiqi Zhujing group (P < 0.05). The total sperm count, sperm concentration, percentage of progressively motile sperm, and sperm viability were even more significantly improved in the Yiqi Zhujing than in the control group (P < 0.05). Besides, both groups showed different degrees of improvement in the biochemical indexes of the seminal plasma, and the Yiqi Zhujing group exhibited even more significant improvement in seminal plasma zinc, alpha-glucoside enzyme, seminal plasma fructose, and acid phosphatase than the control (P < 0.05). The improvement of sperm concentration was correlated positively with the change of seminal plasma zinc (r = 0.201, P < 0.05) but negatively with that of seminal plasma fructose after treatment (r = -0.136, P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the alpha-glucoside enzyme level and sperm viability (r = 0.314, P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Yiqi Zhujing Particle is effective for idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia by significantly improving the total sperm count, sperm concentration, percentage of progressively motile sperm, sperm viability, seminal plasma zinc, seminal plasma fructose, and alpha-glucoside enzyme.</p>

Two new secoiridoid glycosides from Verbena officinalis.

Two new secoiridoid glycosides, verbenoside A (1) and verbenoside B (2), have been isolated from the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Verbena officinalis L. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidences, especially 1D, 2D NMR, and MS experiments.