Effect of grape pomace supplement on growth performance, gastrointestinal microbiota, and methane production in Tan lambs.

Grape pomace (GP), a by-product in wine production, is nutritious and can be used as a feed ingredient for ruminants; however, its role in shaping sheep gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota is unclear. We conducted a controlled trial using a randomized block design with 10 Tan lambs fed a control diet (CD) and 10 Tan lambs fed a pelleted diet containing 8% GP (dry matter basis) for 46 days. Rumen, jejunum, cecum, and colon bacterial and archaeal composition were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Dry matter intake (DMI) was greater (p < 0.05) in the GP than CD group; however, there was no difference in average daily gain (ADG, p < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (FCR, p < 0.05) between the two groups. The GP group had a greater abundance of Prevotella 1 and Prevotella 7 in the rumen; of Sharpe, Ruminococcaceae 2, and [Ruminococcus] gauvreauii group in the jejunum; of Ruminococcaceae UCG-014 and Romboutsia in the cecum, and Prevotella UCG-001 in the colon; but lesser Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group in the rumen and cecum, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 and Ruminococcaceae UCG-010 in the colon than the CD group. The pathways of carbohydrate metabolism, such as L-rhamnose degradation in the rumen, starch and glycogen degradation in the jejunum, galactose degradation in the cecum, and mixed acid fermentation and mannan degradation in the colon were up-graded; whereas, the pathways of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle VIII, and pyruvate fermentation to acetone in the rumen and colon were down-graded with GP. The archaeal incomplete reductive TCA cycle was enriched in the rumen, jejunum, and colon; whereas, the methanogenesis from H2 and CO2, the cofactors of methanogenesis, including coenzyme M, coenzyme B, and factor 420 biosynthesis were decreased in the colon. The study concluded that a diet including GP at 8% DM did not affect ADG or FCR in Tan lambs. However, there were some potential benefits, such as enhancing propionate production by microbiota and pathways in the GIT, promoting B-vitamin production in the rumen, facilitating starch degradation and amino acid biosynthesis in the jejunum, and reducing methanogenesis in the colon.

Effects of soil ingestion on nutrient digestibility and rumen bacterial diversity of Tibetan sheep.

Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) are the most numerous livestock in Tibet Plateau pasture ecosystem and have strong ecological adaptability. In the natural grazing system, soil as a natural nutrient carrier and involuntarily or intentionally ingested by Tibetan sheep contribute as an important feed approach. However, quantifying the dosages of soil ingestion for the Tibetan sheep still needs to be clarified. This study aims to characterize nutrient digestibility and rumen bacterial communities by Tibetan sheep in response to different levels of soil ingestion. Thirty sheep were selected and divided into five treatments with soil ingestion (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The conclusion demonstrated that soil ingestion improved the dry matter digestibility (59.3-62.97%), ether extract (59.79-67.87%) and crude protein (59.81-66.47%) digestibility, particularly 10% soil ingestion has highest nutrient digestibility. The rumen fermentation environment adjusted after soil ingestion by improvement of pH, ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acids. Appropriate soil ingestion reduced the bacterial diversity ranged from 946 to 1000 OUTs as compared control (1012), and the rumen bacterial community dominant by typical fiber digestion associated Firmicutes (47.48-53.56%), Bacteroidetes (34.93-40.02%) and Fibrobacteres (4.36-9.27%). Especially, the highest digestible feed capacity and stronger environment adaptability present in 10% soil ingestion Tibetan sheep. Overall, soil ingestion stimulates rumen metabolism by creating a favorable environment for microbial fermentation, improved bacterial community abundance associated with cellulose and saccharide degradation, contribute nutrient digestibility and growth performance of Tibetan sheep.

Dietary supplementation of hemp oil in teddy dogs: Effect on apparent nutrient digestibility, blood biochemistry and metabolomics.

Present study aimed to evaluate the influence of distinct concentration of dietary supplements hemp oil on apparent nutrient digestibility, blood biochemical parameters and metabolomics of teddy dogs. A total of 25 healthy teddy dogs were selected and divided into five treatments according to diet supplements hemp oil at a rate of 0% (A), 0.5% (B), 1% (C), 2% (D), and 4% (E). Appropriate added hemp oil improved apparent nutrient digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and crude fat (86.32-88.08%, 86.87-88.87% and 96.76-97.43%). The hemp oil significantly increased blood biochemical of utilization related total protein, albumin and globulin (61.33-69.54, 35.08-40.38 and 26.53-31.63 g/L), immunity capacity related immunoglobulin E and γ-interferon (203-347kU/L and 23.04-25.78ng/L), energy-related thyroxine and triiodothyronine (27.11-36.75 and 0.94-1.67 nmol/L). In addition, hemp oil improved superoxide dismutation (26.47-33.02 U/ml) and reduced malondialdehyde (5.30-3.28 nmol/ml). The differential metabolites mainly included nucleotides and metabolites of oxidized lipids, bile and other fatty acids, coenzymes and vitamins. The main metabolic pathways included purine and arachidonic acid metabolism, bile and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, cell oxidative phosphorylation and rheumatoid arthritis. Overall, appropriate dietary supplements hemp oil positively to nutrient digestibility and blood metabolism, immunity and antioxidant capacity, 1% to 2% hemp oil supplements was recommended for teddy dog diet.

Modulation of broiler plasma metabolic spectrum by the addition of lysine residue to the diet.

Flavour is an important factor in evaluating meat quality, and amino acids and fats are important components affecting meat flavour. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between the variation of lysine residue addition and the slaughter performance and meat quality of broilers, which decreased with the addition of lysine residues but improved the meat quality of the broilers. 10% lysine residue addition was the most beneficial for reducing feed cost and improving meat quality. Meanwhile, the plasma metabolites of broilers fed increasing concentrations of lysine residue supplemented feeds were analysed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used screen, the differential metabolites induced by lysine residue. In the broilers 29, 37, 63, 87, 80 and 111 differential metabolites were detected (p < 0.05). Amongst them, 3-iodotyrosine, N-methyl-L-glutamic acid, coumaraldehyde, 2-dimethylphenol, N-methylnicotinamide and L-erythrone were the common differential metabolites between group A and groups B, C, D, E, F and G. The addition of lysine residue was positively correlated with alanine aminotransferase (p < 0.05, r = 0.942) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.05, r = 0.798) and negatively correlated with aspartate aminotransferase (p < 0.05, r = 0.822). According to the classification of differential metabolites and their enriched pathway analysis, differential metabolites mainly caused changes in amino acid and lipid metabolism. Our study shows that a certain proportion of lysine residue in diet affects the specific metabolic pathway of broilers, which may affect amino acid and fat metabolism by regulating alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ultimately affecting the flavour.