Effect of hot water extracts of Arthrospira maxima (spirulina) against respiratory syncytial virus.

BACKGROUND: Spirulina (Arthrospira maxima) hot water extracts such as calcium spirulan (Ca-SP) have demonstrated antiviral effects against herpes simplex virus (HSV), human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), and influenza virus infections. There is no prior evidence suggesting the anti-viral activity of the spirulina hot water extract against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). PURPOSE: There are currently no effective antivirals available to treat RSV infection. Therefore, the development of safe and novel anti-RSV drugs is urgent and necessary. The aim of this work was to demonstrate the anti-RSV activity of spirulina hot water extracts and determine the potential mechanism of action. METHODS: Cytotoxicity and anti-RSV activity of spirulina hot water extracts were measured using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutralization assays, respectively. Potential mechanisms and components were assessed using time of addition, attachment, internalization, pull-down assays, and composition analysis. RESULTS: The polysaccharide-enriched high-molecular weight fraction (>100 kDa, SHD1) had a high total sugar content, with rhamnose accounting for approximately 60 mol% of total monosaccharides. The main glycosyl linkages included 3-, 4-, and 2,3-rhamnopyranosyl linkages. All spirulina hot water extracts showed no toxicity toward human epithelial type 2 (HEp-2) cells but demonstrated anti-RSV activity. The SHD1 had a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 0.0915 mg/ml and a selective index (SI) of >261.5 against RSV. SHD1 significantly reduced viral yield in a dose-dependent manner during the RSV attachment stage. SHD1 disrupted RSV internalization and inhibited RSV attachment (G) protein binding to heparan sulfate receptors on the host cell surface, thus preventing RSV attachment and entry. CONCLUSION: SHD1 serves as an effective candidate for novel drug development against RSV infection.

Effects of Acupuncture on Cortical Activation in Patients with Disorders of Consciousness: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study.

Background: Disorder of consciousness (DoC) is a clinical condition caused by severe brain damage. Some studies have reported that acupuncture, a traditional Chinese treatment, could facilitate the recovery of the patient's consciousness. The therapeutic effects of acupuncture may be due to its modulation of facilitating cortex (PFC) activity, but it has not been greatly demonstrated. Objectives: We intended to observe the effects of acupuncture on prefrontal cortical activity, explore the potential correlation between cortical activation and the severity of DoC, and analyze the functional brain network connectivity to provide a theoretical basis for its application in clinical practice. Methods: Participants diagnosed with DoC were included in the study. Before the intervention, we assessed the patient's state of consciousness using relevant scales, such as the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) and the coma recovery scale-revised (CRS-R). All patients received acupuncture manipulation with the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system monitored. Result: A total of 16 subjects participated in our study. We observed that the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) in the PFC was increased during the acupuncture manipulation and declined during the resting state. Then, the connection strength of the left cerebral cortex was generally higher than that of the right. Finally, we observed only a weak difference in hemodynamic responses of PFC between the vegetative state (VS) and minimally conscious state (MCS) groups. However, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our results indicated that acupuncture can increase the concentration of HbO in the PFC and strengthen the connection strength of the left cerebral cortex. However, our present study did not find a significant correlation between the cortical hemodynamic response and the severity of DoC.

Panax Notoginseng Saponins Protect H9c2 Cells From Hypoxia-reoxygenation Injury Through the Forkhead Box O3a Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1 Alpha Cell Signaling Pathway.

ABSTRACT: Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are commonly used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Whether PNS can protect myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating the forkhead box O3a hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (FOXO3a/HIF-1α) cell signaling pathway remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of PNS on H9c2 cardiomyocytes through the FOXO3a/HIF-1α cell signaling pathway. Hypoxia and reoxygenation of H9C2 cells were used to mimic MIRI in vitro, and the cells were treated with PNS, 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2), and LY294002." Cell proliferation, lactate dehydrogenase, and malonaldehyde were used to evaluate the degree of cell injury. The level of reactive oxygen species was detected with a fluorescence microscope. The apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry. The expression of autophagy-related proteins and apoptosis-related proteins was detected by western blot assay. PNS could reduce H9c2 hypoxia-reoxygenation injury by promoting autophagy and inhibiting apoptosis through the HIF-1α/FOXO3a cell signaling pathway. Furthermore, the protective effects of PNS were abolished by HIF-1α inhibitor 2ME2 and PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002. PNS could reduce H9c2 hypoxia-reoxygenation injury by promoting autophagy and inhibiting apoptosis through the HIF-1α/FOXO3a cell signaling pathway.

Botrychium schaffneri Underw. extract acts via DIABLO to induce apoptosis and inhibit proliferation of non-small cell lung carcinoma in vitro and in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Botrychium schaffneri Underw. has been popularly consumed since ancient times as a traditional medicine in China to treat whooping cough, bronchial asthma, and febrile convulsive twitch disease. This led us to investigate whether Botrychium schaffneri Underw. extract (BSE) may be effective against lung cancer, especially non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). METHODS: In this study, we extracted the ethanolic root extract of the grass, Botrychium schaffneri Underw. In vitro study, the change of NCI-H1299 cell proliferation was observed with CCK8 and MTT assays. Cell apoptosis was assessed using a kit based on staining with FITC-conjugated annexin V. In vivo study, we establish a stable animal model of NSCLC in nude mice, tumor volume and weight was measured twice a week. We conduct gene microarray screened for differentially expressed genes (DEGs), between NCI-H1299 cells treated by BSE or not. Then the DEGs were functionally annotated and path enriched. RESULTS: It was revealed that BSE significantly suppressed NSCLC cell proliferation (IC50 134 µg/mL) and induced apoptosis. It also slowed tumor growth without affecting body weight, and a dose of 25 g/kg led to significantly smaller tumors than in control animals (13.85±3.36 vs. 23.40±6.05, P=0.044). Apoptosis-related protein direct IAP Binding protein with low PI (DIABLO) expression was up-regulated by BSE, and DIABLO knockdown significantly attenuated the anti-tumor effects of the extract. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, BSE reduces the viability of NSCLC cells and promotes apoptosis, and these effects may be mediated by DIABLO.

Key Phytochemicals and Biological Functions of Chuanxiong Rhizoma Against Ischemic Stroke: A Network Pharmacology and Experimental Assessment.

Presently, the treatment options for ischemic stroke (IS) are limited due to the complicated pathological process of the disease. Chuanxiong Rhizome (CR), also known as Conioselinum anthriscoides "Chuanxiong" (rhizome), is the most widely used traditional Chinese medicine for treating stroke. This study aimed to uncover the key phytochemicals and biological functions of CR against IS through a network pharmacology approach combining with IS pathophysiology analysis. We employed permanent unilateral common carotid artery ligation to construct a mouse model of global cerebral ischemia and found that cerebral ischemia injuries were improved after 7 days of gavage treatment of CR (1,300 mg/kg/day). CR exerts protective effects on neurons mainly by acting on targets related to synaptic structure, synaptic function, neuronal survival and neuronal growth. A total of 18 phytochemicals from CR based on UHPLC-MS/MS that corresponded to 85 anti-IS targets. Coniferyl ferulate, neocnidilide and ferulic acid were identified as the key phytochemicals of CR against IS. Its brain protective effects involve anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-cell death activities and improves blood circulation. Additionally, the two most important synergistic effects of CR phytochemicals in treating IS are prevention of infection and regulation of blood pressure. In brain samples of Sham mice, L-tryptophan and vanillin were detected, while L-tryptophan, gallic acid, vanillin and cryptochlorogenic acid were detected in IS mice by UHPLC-MS/MS. Our findings provide a pathophysiology relevant pharmacological basis for further researches on IS therapeutic drugs.

[Study on relationship between color characteristics of rhubarb charcoal in heating process and contents of 14 chemical components].

A method based on high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was developed for simultaneous content determination of 14 components in rhubarb charcoal. After 18 batches of raw rhubarb materials were heated at different temperatures and time points, the contents of 14 components(5 categories) were determined, including gallic acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(5-HMF), 5 kinds of free anthraquinone, 5 kinds of bound anthraquinone and 2 kinds of sennosides. In the analysis of sample color characteristics combined with principal component analysis(PCA), it was found that 18 batches of samples can be grouped into five categories, with the traditional traits "black charred on the surface, dark brown inside" as the standard. Samples of category A, B, C and D were "less" carbonized, and category E samples were carbonized "moderately or a little bit excessively". The corresponding components sennoside and combined anthraquinone showed a one-way decreasing pattern, and the contents of free anthraquinone, gallic acid and 5-HMF showed an increasing pattern before decreasing. The results showed that the contents of free anthraquinone and gallic acid in the samples were larger than those in raw materials while the contents of glycosides and combined anthraquinone were lower than those in raw materials when the samples were "less" "moderately" or "a little bit excessively" carbonized. The two change modes of the component contents of the studied samples have good robustness, and have a reference value for more comprehensive evaluation and control of different heating conditions from the perspective of chemical characterization on the color and content of rhubarb charcoal and the change mode of the content of other carbon medicines.

Preventive Effect and Mechanism of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Sceptridium ternatum in Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect and molecular mechanism of ethyl acetate extract of Sceptridium ternatum (STE) on the monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). METHODS: The main chemical components of Sceptridium ternatum were determined, and the effects in PAH rats were observed. A total of 140 Sprague Dawley rats were randomly and equally divided into the normal group, the model group, the Bosentan group, and the STE groups (2.5, 5, 10 g/kg) by the random number table method. The characteristic indicators of PAH were measured, and immunohistochemistry was used to observe the lung tissue of rats. Morphological changes of the lung tissue were observed under the light microscope. RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, rats in the model group showed a significant increase in right ventricular free wall thickness (RVFWT), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), mean right ventricular pressure (mRVP), max right ventricular pressure (max RVP), weight of right ventricle (RV), and lung index (LI), while a significant decrease in pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAAT, P<0.01). Compared with the model group, rats treated with STE had a significant decrease of RVFWT, mPAP, mRVP, max RVP, and RV, while a significant increase of PAAT (P<0.01). After injection of MCT, nuclear factor- κB (NF- κB) p65 and α -smooth muscle actin (α -SMA) expression levels were up-regulated, and on the contrary, the treatment groups showed a significant down-regulation without dose-dependent trend. CONCLUSIONS: STE can relieve the PAH in rats. STE may relieve pulmonary vascular disease and pulmonary injury by down-regulating the expression of NF- κB p65 and α -SMA.

Clinical Efficacy of Modified Shenling Baizhusan on Stroke-associated Pneumonia with Lung-Qi Deficiency Syndrome / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To observe the clinical efficacy of modified Shenling Baizhusan on stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) with lung-Qi deficiency syndrome and its regulatory effect on inflammatory factors and immune function. Method::One hundred and ten patients were randomly divided into control group (55 cases) and observation group (55 cases) by random number table. Patients in control group got piperacillin sodium and tazobactam sodium for slow intravenous injection, 4.5 g/time, 3 times/days, for 7-10 days, and new antibiotic was chose by drug outcomes, ambroxol hydrochloride injection for low intravenous infusion, 30 mg/time, 2 times/days, for 10 days, and nutritional support and symptomatic comprehensive treatment. In addition to the therapy in control group, patients in observation group were added with modified Shenling Baizhusan, 1 dose/day, for 10 days. And scores of pulmonary infection (CPIS), time of CPIS<6 time of disappearance of cough, time of recovery of temperature, time of recovery of leukocyte, and time of disappearance of lung rales were recorded. And before and after treatment, lung-Qi deficiency syndromes were scored, and levels of procalcitonin (PCT), γ-interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), T Lymphocyte subsets (CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+ /CD8+) were all detected. Result::By rank sum test, the clinical effect in control group was better than that in control group (Z=2.106, P<0.05). Scores of CPIS and lung-Qi deficiency syndromes were lower than those in control group (P<0.01). And time of CPIS<6, time of disappearance of cough, time of recovery of temperature, time of recovery of leukocyte, and time of disappearance of lung moist rales were all shorter than those in control group (P<0.01). And levels of PCT, TNF-α, hs-CRP and CD8+ were lower than those in control group (P<0.01, P<0.05), while levels of IFN-γ, IgA, IgM, CD4+ and CD4+ /CD8+ were all higher than those in control group (P<0.01, P<0.05). Conclusion::In addition to the comprehensive anti-infection therapy, modified Shenling Baizhusan can control the degree of illness, alleviate symptoms, regulate the expressions of inflammatory factors, increase the immune function of the body, and improve the comprehensive efficacy.

Randomized Trial on Comparison of the Efficacy of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy and Dry Needling in Myofascial Trigger Points.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy and dry needling in the treatment of myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle. DESIGN: A total of 65 patients with myofascial trigger points were randomly divided into extracorporeal shock wave therapy group (n = 32) and dry needling group (n = 33). Patients received 3 wks of treatment at 1-wk intervals (in both groups). Visual analog scale, pressure pain threshold, Neck Disability Index, and shear modulus were evaluated before treatment, immediately after the first therapy, 1 mo, and 3 mos after the completion of the third therapy. RESULTS: Significant improvements of visual analog scale, pressure pain threshold, and Neck Disability Index scores were observed at all time points after treatment (P < 0.01) in both treatment groups. The shear modulus of myofascial trigger points was reduced in both dry needling group (P < 0.05) and extracorporeal shock wave therapy group (P < 0.01) immediately after the first treatment. Significant reductions in shear modulus were maintained up to 3-mo posttreatment in both groups (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences between the radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy group and dry needling group. CONCLUSIONS: The extracorporeal shock wave therapy is as effective as dry needling for relieving pain, improving function, and reducing shear modulus for patients with myofascial trigger points after a series of three treatments.

Prenylated Acylphloroglucinols from Hypericum faberi.

The isolation and structure elucidation of six new prenylated acylphloroglucinols, faberiones A-F, from the whole plant of Hypericum faberi is reported. Faberiones A-D (1-4) share a rare styrene substituent and may be biosynthetically generated via further acylation of the acylphloroglucinols. By analyzing the MS and NMR data, the structures of the new isolates were established. Faberiones B (2) and C (3) showed moderate cytotoxicity against the pancreatic cell line (PANC-1) with IC50 values of 6.2 and 9.0 µM, respectively.

[Research progress of pesticide residues in traditional Chinese medicines].

The residue of the pesticides is closely related to the quality and safety of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs) and has attracted widespread attention at home and abroad.This article analyzed the current status of pesticide residues in TCMs by summarizing the research results of recent years.At the same time,the methods for the detection of pesticide residues in TCMs were summarized,and the domestic and foreign pesticide residue limit standards for TCMs were compared,intending to provide reference and basis for the detection and control of pesticide residues in TCMs.

Panax Notoginseng Saponins Attenuate Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through the HIF-1α/BNIP3 Pathway of Autophagy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Panax Notoginseng Saponins (PNS) is a formula of Chinese medicine commonly used for treating ischemia myocardial in China. However, its mechanism of action is yet unclear. This study investigated the effect and the mechanism of PNS on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) through the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)/bcl-2/adenovirus E1B19kDa-interacting protein3 (BNIP3) pathway of autophagy. METHODS: We constructed a rat model of myocardial injury and compared among 4 groups (n = 10, each): the sham-operated group (Sham), the ischemia-reperfusion group (IR), the PNS low-dose group, and the PNS high-dose group were pretreated with PNS (30 and 60 mg/kg, respectively). Serum creatine kinase, malonaldehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase, myocardial tissue superoxide dismutase, and reactive oxygen species were detected in rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion after the intervention of PNS. The rat myocardial tissue was examined using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and the mitochondria of myocardial cells were observed using transmission electron microscopy. The expressions of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), HIF-1α, BNIP3, Beclin-1, and autophagy-related gene-5 (Atg5) in rat myocardial tissue were detected using Western blotting. RESULTS: The results showed that PNS was significantly protected against MIRI, as evidenced by the decreasing in the concentration of serum CK, MDA, lactate dehydrogenase, and myocardial tissue superoxide dismutase, reactive oxygen species, the attenuation of myocardial tissue histopathological changes and the mitochondrial damages of myocardial cells, and the increase of mitochondria autophagosome in myocardial cells. In addition, PNS significantly increased the expression of LC3 and the ratio of LC3II/LC3I in rat myocardial tissue. Moreover, PNS significantly increased the expression of HIF-1α, BNIP3, Atg5, and Beclin-1 in rat myocardial tissue. CONCLUSIONS: The protective effect of PNS on MIRI was mainly due to its ability to enhance the mitochondrial autophagy of myocardial tissue through the HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway.

Professor -' experience of acupuncture and moxibustion on postpartum wind / 中国针灸

Professor -'s experience of acupuncture and moxibustion for postpartum wind is introduced. With more than 40 years of experience, professor has developed a systematic theoretical basis and technical operation. He points out that postpartum wind, caused by weakened body resistance after delivery, is characterized by intermingled deficiency and excess; the treatment focuses on dispelling wind, and the wind-related acupoints are essential; nourishing blood is important for dispelling wind. He emphasizes that if the cold in uterus would hinder the dispelling of wind and dampness. He has highly valued the manipulation, advocating the treatment of "treating three spirits", especially the spirits after the treatment of acupuncture; he also values the physical and mental health of the puerpera, and runs this principle through the treatment. With the 's herbal long-snake moxibustion, the dual therapeutic effect of medicine and moxibustion can be brought into play, and the therapeutic effect can be enhanced.

acupuncture on refractory insomnia: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the therapeutic effect of acupuncture, conventional acupuncture and oral estazolam tablet on refractory insomnia.@*METHODS@#A total of 180 patients with refractory insomnia were randomized into a acupuncture group, a conventional acupuncture group and a medication group, 60 cases in each group. In the acupuncture group, acupuncture was applied at Baihui (GV 20), Waiguan (TE 5), Neiguan (PC 6), Weishu (BL 21), Zhongwan (CV 12) and Taixi (KI 3); in the conventional acupuncture group, conventional acupuncture was applied at Baihui (GV 20), Shenmen (HT 7), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Zhaohai (KI 6), Shenmai (BL 62) and Anmian (Extra). Supplementary acupoints were added according to different patterns in the two acupuncture groups, and the treatment was given once a day, 7 times as one course and 4 courses were required. In the medication groups, estazolam was taken orally 1 h before sleep, 1 mg each time, once a day for 4 weeks. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) score was observed before and after treatment and the therapeutic effect was evaluated in the 3 groups.@*RESULTS@#The total effective rates in the acupuncture group and the conventional acupuncture group were 90.0% (54/60) and 83.3% (50/60), which were superior to 30.0% (18/60) in the medication group (both <0.05). Compared before treatment, the PSQI scores were significantly reduced in the two acupuncture groups (all <0.05), the sleep efficiency and the total score of PSQI were reduced in the medication group (both <0.05). After treatment, the changes of sleep latency, sleep efficiency, sleep disorder, daytime function and total score of PSQI in the acupuncture group were significantly larger than those in the conventional acupuncture group (all <0.05). The changes of PSQI scores in the acupuncture group were significantly larger than the medication group (all <0.05). The changes of sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep time, sleep disorder, daytime function and total score of PSQI in the conventional acupuncture group were significantly larger than the medication group (all <0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The therapeutic effect of acupuncture on refractory insomnia is superior to estazolam and conventional acupuncture.

Applicability analysis and evaluation of aglycones in single-pass intestinal perfusion technique based on PBPK model / 中国中药杂志

Single-pass intestinal perfusion( SPIP) is the common carrier of biopharmaceutics classification system( BCS) to study compound permeability. With the application and deepening study of BCS in the field of traditional Chinese medicine( TCM),SPIP model is becoming more and more common to study the intestinal absorption of TCM ingredients. Based on the limitations of the SPIP model in some researches on TCM permeability,it was speculated in this study that aglycone may be more suitable than the glycoside to study the intestinal absorption problem by using SPIP model. Furthermore,applicability of aglycone components was analyzed and evaluated. In this study,with quercetin,daidzein,formononetin,genistein and glycyrrhetinic acid used as research objects,the quantitative study of SPIP was used to evaluate the intestinal permeability of these aglycones and to predict the effective permeability coefficient( Peff) and absorption fraction( Fa) in human body. By combining studies comparison and analysis on multiple permeability research methods and prediction of human body absorption of aglycones in physiological-based pharmacokinetic models,this paper can further illustrate that the SPIP model is a good tool for studying the permeability of aglycones and predicting human absorption,which can provide data foundation and theoretical reference for researches on SPIP technique and BCS in intestinal absorption of TCM ingredients.

[Review on advantages and evidence of treating and preventing urinary tract infection in traditional Chinese medicine].

Urinary tract infection (UTI) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) belongs to the category of stranguria. This article describes the unsatisfactory situations in clinical practice such as antibiotics abuse, increasing of drug-resistant bacteria, high recurrence rate, etc. According to evidence-based medicine, literatures as evidence are collected for summarizing and analyzing and the result shows the advantages of TCM of relieving symptoms, reducing the dosage of antibiotics, less side effects, lower recurrence rate, etc. In the field of fundamental research, literatures associated with UTI are also summarized and analysed from several perspectives, such as causes, pathogenesis, syndrome differentiation, pharmacological effects of Chinese herbal medicine, working mechanism of non-drug therapy, etc and the result presents that integrated treatment of TCM in UTI has significant advangtages and its own characteristic.

Two new dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins from ginseng medicinal fungal substance.

Two new triterpenoid saponins, namely ginsenoside Re8 (1) and notoginsenoside ST-8 (2), were isolated from ginseng medicinal fungal substance. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data and chemical analysis.

Review on advantages and evidence of treating and preventing urinary tract infection in traditional Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

Urinary tract infection (UTI) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) belongs to the category of stranguria. This article describes the unsatisfactory situations in clinical practice such as antibiotics abuse, increasing of drug-resistant bacteria, high recurrence rate, etc. According to evidence-based medicine, literatures as evidence are collected for summarizing and analyzing and the result shows the advantages of TCM of relieving symptoms, reducing the dosage of antibiotics, less side effects, lower recurrence rate, etc. In the field of fundamental research, literatures associated with UTI are also summarized and analysed from several perspectives, such as causes, pathogenesis, syndrome differentiation, pharmacological effects of Chinese herbal medicine, working mechanism of non-drug therapy, etc and the result presents that integrated treatment of TCM in UTI has significant advangtages and its own characteristic.

Two new dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins from notoginseng medicinal fungal substance.

Two new dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins, namely ginsenoside Rk6 (1) and ginsenoside-Rh22 (2), were isolated from notoginseng medicinal fungal substance. The structures of 1 and 2 were established as 3ß,6α,12ß,26-tetrahydroxydammar-20(21),24(25)(E)-diene-6-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside and 3ß,6α, 20(S)-trihydroxy-12(R),23(R)-expoxy-13(S),17(S)-dammar-24-ene-6-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical analysis, respectively.

Two new triterpenoid saponins from ginseng medicinal fungal substance.

Two new dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins, namely ginsenosides Rb4 (1) and Rb5 (2), were isolated from ginseng medicinal fungal substance. The structures of 1 and 2 were established as 3ß,12ß,20(S)-trihydroxydammar-24(25)-ene-3-O-[α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside and 3ß,12ß,20(S)-trihydroxydammar-24(25)-ene-3-O-[α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical analysis, respectively.