[Advances in cardiovascular protection effects and mechanisms of allicin].

Cardiovascular diseases(CVD) with high morbidity and mortality pose severe threats to human life. Allicin, a main active ingredient of garlic, possesses multiple pharmaceutical activities. It not only exerts cardioprotective effects but also prevents the risk factors for CVD. Allicin exerts cardioprotective effects via a variety of mechanisms, including inhibiting oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammatory responses, regulating lipid metabolism and gut microbiota, inducing hydrogen sulfide production, and dilating vessels. Despite the valuable cardioprotective effects, the instability of allicin has hindered the basic research and clinical application. This paper reviews the progress in the cardioprotective effects and mechanisms of allicin in the last decade and summarizes the methods to improve the stability of allicin. In addition, this review provides a reference for further research and development of allicin in cardiovascular protection.

Garlic polysaccharides: A review on their extraction, isolation, structural characteristics, and bioactivities.

Garlic has been considered as a source of highly promising functional food and traditional herbal medicine for thousands of years. Garlic polysaccharides is one of the important effective components of garlic, which has various bioactivities, including immune-enhancing, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant. Garlic polysaccharides is mainly composed of monosaccharides, such as Fru, Glc, and Gal, having a (2 â†’ 1)-linked ß-D-Fruf backbone with (2 â†’ 6)-linked ß-D-Fruf side chains. With great marketing potential and development prospects, garlic polysaccharides has drawn much attention from researchers worldwide. Therefore, this review aimed at providing systematic and current information on the extraction, isolation, structural characteristics, and bioactivities of garlic polysaccharides to support their further application as therapeutic agents and functional foods.

Analysis on Relationship Between Intestinal Flora and Diabetes Cognitive Impairment Based on "Paired Relationship Between Heart and Small Intestine" / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Based on theory of "paired relationship between the heart and the small intestine" in traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）， heart disease can affect the small intestine， and intestinal diseases can also affect the heart. The heart controls mental activities， so if the secretions function of small intestine is impaired， it will hinder the mind of the mind. Modern medicine has found that intestinal flora is closely related to cognitive function， which is consistent with the "paired relationship between heart and small intestine" in TCM. Diabetes cognitive impairment （DCI） is a category of "diabetes dementia" in TCM. According to TCM， the imbalance of spleen and stomach is the starting factor of diabetes dementia， and the phlegm turbidity of spleen deficiency is the pathological product of diabetes dementia. Previous projects have proved that intestinal flora disturbance is the modern pathological basis of spleen and stomach imbalance in TCM， suggesting that restoring spleen and stomach function to adjust intestinal microbial homeostasis is helpful for the prevention and treatment of diabetes dementia. At present， many achievements have been made in the study of the mutual causality between diabetes and intestinal flora disorder. In recent years， the incidence of DCI has increased rapidly， and the pathogenesis is complex and unclear， which increases the difficulty of treatment. Therefore， finding new targets should not be ignored. Given the complex connections among intestinal flora， diabetes and cognitive impairment， it is particularly important to tease out the relationship among the three. Based on previous scientific research， the author analyzed layer by layer and found that intestinal flora can not only affect the synthesis of neurotransmitters in the brain， but also participate in the common pathogenesis of diabetes and cognitive impairment such as chronic inflammation， insulin resistance and blood glucose rise， with a typical target effect. The pathogenic mechanism of intestinal flora in DCI was summarized in order to establish a new target and direction for the treatment， and to explore the scientific connotation of TCM in regulating spleen and stomach for treatment of diabetes dementia.

Q-marker prediction analysis of Cinnamomi Ramulus in Danggui Sini Decoction based on fingerprint and network pharmacology / 中草药

Objective: To analyze and predict the Q-marker of Cinnamomi Ramulus in Danggui Sini Decoction based on fingerprint and network pharmacology. Methods: The fingerprints of Cinnamomi Ramulus Decoction and Danggui Sini Decoction were established, and analyzed by using the similarity evaluation system software for chromatographic fingerprint of traditional Chinese medicine (2012 edition); The network pharmacology was used to screen and analyze the function target and pathway of related components of Cinnamomi Ramulus, and the "component-target-pathway" network was constructed to predict the potential Q-marker of Cinnamomi Ramulus in Danggui Sini Decoction. Results: The fingerprints of 15 batches of Cinnamomi Ramulus Decotion and 15 batches of Danggui Sini Decoction were established. The similarity of fingerprints was more than 0.96, and seven common components were identified, including protocatechuic acid, coumarin, cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, 2-methoxy cinnamic acid, and 2-methoxy cinnamaldehyde. A total of five active components, seven core target sites and 15 key pathways of Cinnamomi Ramulus were screened out through network pharmacology system, and based on the "Five Principles" of quality markers, 2-methoxy cinnamaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, and cinnamic acid were predicted as potential quality markers. Conclusion: In this study, the quality markers of Cinnamomi Ramulus in Danggui Sini Decoction are analyzed by fingerprint and network pharmacology, which provides a basis for comprehensive control of the quality of Danggui Sini Decoction, reference for further study on the mechanism of Danggui Sini Decoction, and demonstration for the correlation study of quality markers of compound and single medicine in the classic prescription.

Clinical research on lumbar oblique-pulling manipulation in combination with sling exercise therapy for patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate clinical curative effects of lumbar oblique-pulling manipulation in combination with sling-exercise-therapy training on chronic nonspecific lower back pain. METHODS: A total of 60 patients with chronic nonspecific lower back pain in the Outpatient Department were included in this study. These patients were randomly divided into two groups: the observation group and the control group. The control group adopted a single sling-exercise-therapy training three times a week, while the observation group adopted lumbar oblique-pulling manipulation in combination with manipulation treatment once a week. The course of treatment lasted for four weeks. RESULTS: (1) Before and after treatment, the ODI score was compared within the group. A remarkable statistical significance was observed from the third day (P<0.05). At the third month of follow-up, the difference in ODI scores between these two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). (2) Before and after treatment, it was observed that differences in VAS scores from the third day were statistically significant (P<0.05). (3) The difference in muscle strength between these two groups had remarkable statistical significance in the third month of follow-up (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The effective rehabilitation function of lumbar oblique-pulling manipulation in combination with sling-exercise-therapy training in patients with CNLBP is superior to that of sling-exercise-therapy training alone.

Clinical research on lumbar oblique-pulling manipulation in combination with sling exercise therapy for patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To investigate clinical curative effects of lumbar oblique-pulling manipulation in combination with sling-exercise-therapy training on chronic nonspecific lower back pain. METHODS: A total of 60 patients with chronic nonspecific lower back pain in the Outpatient Department were included in this study. These patients were randomly divided into two groups: the observation group and the control group. The control group adopted a single sling-exercise-therapy training three times a week, while the observation group adopted lumbar oblique-pulling manipulation in combination with manipulation treatment once a week. The course of treatment lasted for four weeks. RESULTS: (1) Before and after treatment, the ODI score was compared within the group. A remarkable statistical significance was observed from the third day (P<0.05). At the third month of follow-up, the difference in ODI scores between these two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). (2) Before and after treatment, it was observed that differences in VAS scores from the third day were statistically significant (P<0.05). (3) The difference in muscle strength between these two groups had remarkable statistical significance in the third month of follow-up (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The effective rehabilitation function of lumbar oblique-pulling manipulation in combination with sling-exercise-therapy training in patients with CNLBP is superior to that of sling-exercise-therapy training alone.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos curativos da manipulação lombar com o movimento de puxar oblíquo combinado a terapia por exercícios de sling-training para dor lombar baixa crônica não específica. METODOLOGIA: Um total de 60 pacientes com dor lombar baixa crônica não específica no ambulatório foram incluídos neste estudo. Esses pacientes foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: o grupo de observação e o grupo de controle. O grupo de controle aderiu apenas à terapia por exercícios de sling-training três vezes por semana, enquanto o grupo de observação aderiu à manipulação lombar com o movimento de puxar oblíquo combinado à terapia por exercícios de sling-training uma vez por semana. O tratamento durou quatro semanas. RESULTADOS: (1) Antes e após o tratamento, o escore de ODI foi comparado no grupo. Uma significância estatística notável foi observada a partir do terceiro dia (P<0,05). No terceiro mês de acompanhamento, a diferença nos escores de ODI entre os dois grupos foi estatisticamente significante (P<0,05). (2) Antes e após o tratamento, observou-se que diferenças nos escores de VAS a partir do terceiro dia foram estatisticamente significantes (P< 0,05). (3) A diferença de força muscular entre os dois grupos apresentou significância estatística notável no terceiro mês de acompanhamento (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A função de reabilitação efetiva da manipulação lombar com o movimento de puxar oblíquo combinada à terapia por exercícios de sling-training em pacientes com dor lombar baixa crônica não específica é superior à da terapia por exercícios de sling-training sozinha.

Effect of Shenqi Compound Recipe on Intestinal Microecology of Patients with Qi and Yin Deficiency and Blood Stasis Syndrome Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To observe the effect of Shenqi compound recipe on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with Qi and Yin deficiency and blood stasis syndrome newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and its intervention effect on intestinal microecology and serum proinflammatory factors. Method: The 106 eligible patients were divided into the observation group (54 cases) and the control group (52 cases) by random number table method. Another 40 healthy volunteers in physical examination center of the hospital during the same period were enrolled as health control group. On the basis of Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in China(2013 edition), control group was provided lifestyle interventions, such as reasonable diet, weight control, moderate exercise, salt restriction, tobacco control, alcohol restriction and psychological balance. In addition to the therapy of the control group, the observation group was given Shengi compound for oral administration, 2 times/days. Both groups were treated for 8 weeks. The fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial 2 h blood glucose (PBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) before and after treatment were evaluated. The structure and quantity of intestinal flora before and after treatment were detected. The traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)symptom was scored. The levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured before and after treatment. Result: FBG, PBG, HbA1c and HOMA-IR levels in observation group were lower than those in control group (PPPPβ, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α levels in observation group were lower than those in control group (PZ=2.134, PConclusion: Shenqi compound can regulate blood glucose and blood lipid in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM (Qi and Yin deficiency and blood stasis syndrome), improve IR, intestinal microecology imbalance, and reduce non-specific inflammatory response, with a good clinical efficacy on intestinal microecology of patients with Qi and Yin deficiency and blood stasis syndrome newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Chemical constituents, biological activities and clinical applications of artemisia rupestris / 中国中药杂志

Artemisia rupestris is a traditional medicine in Uygur and Kazak in Xinjiang Province, mainly distributed in the territory of Xinjiang Altai area, Tianshan mountains and the Kunlun mountains, growing at an altitude of 1 500 to 4 000 meters of grassland and forest areas. As the broad research on chemical constituents, pharmacological activity, the effective components of A. rupestris have attracted the interest to make up new drugs. Based on the latest research from A. rupestris, identification and geographic distribution, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, clinical applications were summarized in this article, in the view of Medicinal Ethnobotany. At the same time, some suggestions were proposed for future research.

CRYOPRESERVATION OF IN VITRO-GROWN SHOOT TIPS OF CHINESE MEDICINAL PLANT Atractylodes macrocephala KOIDZ. USING A DROPLET-VITRIFICATION METHOD.

BACKGROUND: Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. is an important medicinal species from China that has been used for thousands of years for its special pharmacological antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antithrombotic, antiviral, and anticarcinogenic activities. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research was to develop an efficient droplet-vitrification protocol for A. macrocephala shoot tips which could be used as a strategy for long-term conservation within gene banks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The duration of preculture, loading, and PVS2 steps, as well as the recovery medium formulation, were optimized to achieve high levels of survival and regrowth for A. macrocephala shoot tips after liquid nitrogen exposure. RESULTS: Survival and regrowth levels after cryopreservation in the cultivar 'Baizhu' were as high as 76% and 62%, respectively. Thermal analysis using differential scanning calorimetry suggested that the PVS2 treatment plays a critical role for successful cryopreservation. CONCLUSION: The droplet-vitrification method established in this study could be used to cryopreserve A. macrocephala.

Efficacy of Berberine in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

OBJECTIVES: A randomized, parallel controlled, open-label clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of a botanic compound berberine (BBR) on NAFLD. METHODS: A randomized, parallel controlled, open-label clinical trial was conducted in three medical centers (NIH Registration number: NCT00633282). A total of 184 eligible patients with NAFLD were enrolled and randomly received (i) lifestyle intervention (LSI), (ii) LSI plus pioglitazone (PGZ) 15mg qd, and (iii) LSI plus BBR 0.5g tid, respectively, for 16 weeks. Hepatic fat content (HFC), serum glucose and lipid profiles, liver enzymes and serum and urine BBR concentrations were assessed before and after treatment. We also analyzed hepatic BBR content and expression of genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism in an animal model of NAFLD treated with BBR. RESULTS: As compared with LSI, BBR treatment plus LSI resulted in a significant reduction of HFC (52.7% vs 36.4%, p = 0.008), paralleled with better improvement in body weight, HOMA-IR, and serum lipid profiles (all p<0.05). BBR was more effective than PGZ 15mg qd in reducing body weight and improving lipid profile. BBR-related adverse events were mild and mainly occurred in digestive system. Serum and urine BBR concentrations were 6.99ng/ml and 79.2ng/ml, respectively, in the BBR-treated subjects. Animal experiments showed that BBR located favorably in the liver and altered hepatic metabolism-related gene expression. CONCLUSION: BBR ameliorates NAFLD and related metabolic disorders. The therapeutic effect of BBR on NAFLD may involve a direct regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00633282.

[Progress in preparation of small monoclonal antibodies of knock out technique].

With the application of monoclonal antibody technology more and more widely, its production technology is becoming more and more perfect. Small molecule monoclonal antibody technology is becoming a hot research topic for people. The application of traditional Chinese medicine small molecule monoclonal antibody technology has been more and more widely, the technology for effective Chinese medicine component knockout provide strong technical support. The preparation of monoclonal antibodies and small molecule knockout technology are reviewed in this paper. The preparation of several steps, such as: in the process of preparation of antigen, hapten carrier coupling, coupling ratio determination and identification of artificial antigen and establishment of animal immunization and hybridoma cell lines of monoclonal antibody, the large-scale preparation; small molecule monoclonal antibody on Immune in affinity chromatography column method is discussed in detail. The author believes that this technology will make the traditional Chinese medicine research on a higher level, and improve the level of internationalization of Chinese medicine research.

A clinical randomized controlled trial of music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation training in female breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy: results on depression, anxiety and length of hospital stay.

PURPOSE: To examine effects of music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation training on depression, anxiety and length of hospital stay in Chinese female breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy. METHODS: A total of 170 patients were randomly allocated to the intervention group (n = 85) receiving music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation training plus routine nursing care and the control group (n = 85) receiving routine nursing care. Music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation training were performed twice a day within 48 h after radical mastectomy, once in the early morning (6a.m.-8a.m.) and once in the evening (9p.m.-11p.m.), for 30 min per session until discharged from the hospital. RESULTS: A general linear model with univariate analysis showed that the intervention group patients had significant improvement in depression and anxiety in the effects of group (F = 20.31, P < 0.001; F = 5.41, P = 0.017), time (F = 56.64, P < 0.001; F = 155.17, P < 0.001) and group*time interaction (F = 6.91, P = 0.009; F = 5.56, P = 0.019). The intervention group patients had shorter length of hospital stay (12.56 ± 1.03) than that of the control group (17.01 ± 2.46) with statistical significance (F = 13.36, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation training can reduce depression, anxiety and length of hospital stay in female breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy.

Progress in preparation of small monoclonal antibodies of knock out technique / 中国中药杂志

With the application of monoclonal antibody technology more and more widely, its production technology is becoming more and more perfect. Small molecule monoclonal antibody technology is becoming a hot research topic for people. The application of traditional Chinese medicine small molecule monoclonal antibody technology has been more and more widely, the technology for effective Chinese medicine component knockout provide strong technical support. The preparation of monoclonal antibodies and small molecule knockout technology are reviewed in this paper. The preparation of several steps, such as: in the process of preparation of antigen, hapten carrier coupling, coupling ratio determination and identification of artificial antigen and establishment of animal immunization and hybridoma cell lines of monoclonal antibody, the large-scale preparation; small molecule monoclonal antibody on Immune in affinity chromatography column method is discussed in detail. The author believes that this technology will make the traditional Chinese medicine research on a higher level, and improve the level of internationalization of Chinese medicine research.

[Influence of Ginkgo biloba extract on proliferation of ACC-2 cell, Survivin and TIP30 gene expression in adenoid cystic carcinoma of lacrimal gland].

Exploring the influence of extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGB) on the proliferation, apoptosis of ACC-2 cell in lacrimal adenoid cystic carcinoma and analyzing the influence of EGB on the gene expression of Survivin and TIP30 based on the levels of the gene and protein. ACC-2 cell in human with ACC of lacrimal gland disposed by EGB of different concentration was in vitro cultured. MTT method was used for cell proliferation detection. Annexin V/PI double-staining flow cytometer was used to detect cell apoptosis and cell cycle. Survivin and TIP30 gene expression together with protein expression were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. And it is indicated that EGB has inhibitory effect on the proliferation of ACC-2 cell in vitro. Furthermore, the dose-effect relationship was significant. Compared with the control group, it had statistical difference (P <0.01). The inhibitory concentration 50% (ICso) is 88 mg . L-1. By flow cytometer examination, it was indicated that EGB can gradually increase ACC-2 cell in G0-G1 stage and decrease it in G2-M and S stage. With the increase of dose, the apoptosis rate of ACC-2 cell obviously increased (P <0.05 or P <0.01). Both of the expression results of RT-PCR and Western hybrid proteins have showed that the concentration of EGB increased, it could be seen a significant decrease in Survivin gene expression (P <0.01). Meanwhile, the TIP30 gene expression got a significant increase. Therefore, EGB can effectively inhibit ACC-2 cell Survivin gene expression in human with adenoid cysistic carcinoma of larcrimal gland as well as promoting TIP30 gene expression, inducing the ACC-2 cell apoptosis and inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, which provided a certain theoretical and experimental basis for the application of Chinese herbal medicinal ingredient in the treatment of tumors.

The role of central nervous system on hypoglycemia and the feasibility of the brain theory in traditional Chinese medicine on treatment of diabetes mellitus / 中西医结合学报

The central nervous system (CNS) plays a key regulatory role in glucose homeostasis. In particular, the brain is important in initiating and coordinating protective counterregulatory responses when blood glucose levels fall. This may due to the metabolic dependency of the CNS on glucose, and protection of food supply to the brain. In healthy subjects, blood glucose is normally maintained within a relatively narrow range. Hypoglycemia in diabetic patients can increase the risk of complications, such as heart disease and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The clinical research finds that the use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a positive effect on the treatment of hypoglycemia. Here the authors reviewed the current understanding of sensing and counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia, and discuss combining traditional Chinese and Western medicine and the theory of iatrogenic hypoglycemia in diabetes treatment. Furthermore, the authors clarify the feasibility of treating hypoglycemia on the basis of TCM theory and CNS and have an insight on its clinical practice.

Influence of Ginkgo biloba extract on proliferation of ACC-2 cell, Survivin and TIP30 gene expression in adenoid cystic carcinoma of lacrimal gland / 中国中药杂志

Exploring the influence of extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGB) on the proliferation, apoptosis of ACC-2 cell in lacrimal adenoid cystic carcinoma and analyzing the influence of EGB on the gene expression of Survivin and TIP30 based on the levels of the gene and protein. ACC-2 cell in human with ACC of lacrimal gland disposed by EGB of different concentration was in vitro cultured. MTT method was used for cell proliferation detection. Annexin V/PI double-staining flow cytometer was used to detect cell apoptosis and cell cycle. Survivin and TIP30 gene expression together with protein expression were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. And it is indicated that EGB has inhibitory effect on the proliferation of ACC-2 cell in vitro. Furthermore, the dose-effect relationship was significant. Compared with the control group, it had statistical difference (P <0.01). The inhibitory concentration 50% (ICso) is 88 mg . L-1. By flow cytometer examination, it was indicated that EGB can gradually increase ACC-2 cell in G0-G1 stage and decrease it in G2-M and S stage. With the increase of dose, the apoptosis rate of ACC-2 cell obviously increased (P <0.05 or P <0.01). Both of the expression results of RT-PCR and Western hybrid proteins have showed that the concentration of EGB increased, it could be seen a significant decrease in Survivin gene expression (P <0.01). Meanwhile, the TIP30 gene expression got a significant increase. Therefore, EGB can effectively inhibit ACC-2 cell Survivin gene expression in human with adenoid cysistic carcinoma of larcrimal gland as well as promoting TIP30 gene expression, inducing the ACC-2 cell apoptosis and inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, which provided a certain theoretical and experimental basis for the application of Chinese herbal medicinal ingredient in the treatment of tumors.

The role of central nervous system on hypoglycemia and the feasibility of the brain theory in traditional Chinese medicine on treatment of diabetes mellitus / 中西医结合学报

The central nervous system (CNS) plays a key regulatory role in glucose homeostasis. In particular, the brain is important in initiating and coordinating protective counterregulatory responses when blood glucose levels fall. This may due to the metabolic dependency of the CNS on glucose, and protection of food supply to the brain. In healthy subjects, blood glucose is normally maintained within a relatively narrow range. Hypoglycemia in diabetic patients can increase the risk of complications, such as heart disease and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The clinical research finds that the use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a positive effect on the treatment of hypoglycemia. Here the authors reviewed the current understanding of sensing and counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia, and discuss combining traditional Chinese and Western medicine and the theory of iatrogenic hypoglycemia in diabetes treatment. Furthermore, the authors clarify the feasibility of treating hypoglycemia on the basis of TCM theory and CNS and have an insight on its clinical practice.

[Comparison of antioxidant activity between two species of chamomiles produced in Xinjiang by TLC-bioautography].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the antioxidant active components from two species of chamomile-matricaria and Roman chamomile produced in Xinjiang. METHOD: The TLC-bioautography was used, with 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical as the experimental model. The peak areas of various antioxidant components were obtained by TLC-scanning for analyzing antioxidant active components contained in volatile oil extracts and flavone extracts from the two species of chamomiles. The total peak area was taken as the indicator for comparing the antioxidant capacities of the two types of extracts, and comparing them with the total antioxidant activity of flavone extracts of the two species of chamomiles. RESULTS: According to the result of TLC-bioautography in volatile oil extracts from the two species of chamomiles, volatile oil extracts from chamomile showed four white antioxidant spots, including en-yne-dicycloether, and volatile oil extracts from Roman chamomile showed only one white antioxidant spot. The TLC-scanning result showed that the peak area of antioxidant spots of volatile oil extracts from chamomile was significantly larger than that of volatile oil extracts from Roman chamomile. According to the test on the antioxidant activity of the two species of chamomiles with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, the concentration of chamomile after scavenging 50% of DPPH radicals was 0.66 g x L(-1), whereas the figure for Roman chamomile was 0.33 g x L(-1). According to the result of TLC-bioautography in flavone extracts from the two species of chamomiles, flavone extracts from chamomile showed seven yellowish antioxidant spots, including apigenin and apigenin-7-glucoside, and flavone extracts of Roman chamomile showed eight yellowish antioxidant spots, including apigenin and apigenin-7-glucoside. The TLC-scanning results showed that the peak area of antioxidant spots of flavone extracts from Roman chamomile was significantly larger than that of flavone extracts from chamomile. CONCLUSION: Volatile oil extracts from the two species of chamomiles have significant difference in the antioxidant activity in TLC-bioautography. Specifically, the antioxidant activity of volatile oil extracts from chamomile is stronger than volatile oil extracts from Roman chamomile; the known antioxidant active components in volatile oil extracts from chamomile is en-yne-dicycloether, while all of the other three antioxidant active components as well as antioxidant active components in volatile oil extracts from Roman chamomile are unknown components and remain to be further determined. Considering the significant difference in the number of antioxidant active spots in volatile oil extracts from the two species of chamomiles, the result can be applied to distinguish the two species of chamomiles. The antioxidant activity determination result for flavone extracts from two species of chamomiles was consistent with the result of TLC-bioautography, showing that flavone extracts from chamomile and Roman chamomile are more antioxidant active, while that of Roman chamomile is stronger than chamomile. Flavone extracts from both of the two species of chamomiles contain apigenin and pigenin-7-glucoside, which are known, while all of the other five antioxidant active components contained in flavone extracts from chamomile and the other six antioxidant active components contained in flavone extracts from Roman chamomile are unknown and remain to be further identified. The method lays a foundation for further identification of antioxidant active components contained in chamomile.

High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of Radix Saposhnikoviae for metabolomic research.

In this study, metabolite profiling of Radix Saposhnikoviae from different geographical locations was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-TOFMS) and multivariate statistical analysis technique. Principle component analysis (PCA) of the data shows that these samples could be roughly separated into three groups: Guan Fangfeng, Kou Fangfeng and Chuan Fangfeng. The potential chemical markers were discovered through the loading plot of PCA. Based on accurate mass measurements and subsequent fragment ions of TOFMS after in-source collision induced dissociation, as well as matching of empirical molecular formulae with those of published components in the in-house chemical library, 10 potential markers, such as 4'-O-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol, cimifugin, prim-O-glucosylcimifugin and 3'-O-angeloylhammaudol, were tentatively identified and partially verified by the available reference standards. The results of this study indicate that it is an effective and novel approach to identify traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) from different sources, and that performing quantity determination of corresponding marker compounds could optimize the quality control of TCM.

Comparison of antioxidant activity between two species of chamomiles produced in Xinjiang by TLC-bioautography / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the antioxidant active components from two species of chamomile-matricaria and Roman chamomile produced in Xinjiang.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The TLC-bioautography was used, with 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical as the experimental model. The peak areas of various antioxidant components were obtained by TLC-scanning for analyzing antioxidant active components contained in volatile oil extracts and flavone extracts from the two species of chamomiles. The total peak area was taken as the indicator for comparing the antioxidant capacities of the two types of extracts, and comparing them with the total antioxidant activity of flavone extracts of the two species of chamomiles.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>According to the result of TLC-bioautography in volatile oil extracts from the two species of chamomiles, volatile oil extracts from chamomile showed four white antioxidant spots, including en-yne-dicycloether, and volatile oil extracts from Roman chamomile showed only one white antioxidant spot. The TLC-scanning result showed that the peak area of antioxidant spots of volatile oil extracts from chamomile was significantly larger than that of volatile oil extracts from Roman chamomile. According to the test on the antioxidant activity of the two species of chamomiles with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, the concentration of chamomile after scavenging 50% of DPPH radicals was 0.66 g x L(-1), whereas the figure for Roman chamomile was 0.33 g x L(-1). According to the result of TLC-bioautography in flavone extracts from the two species of chamomiles, flavone extracts from chamomile showed seven yellowish antioxidant spots, including apigenin and apigenin-7-glucoside, and flavone extracts of Roman chamomile showed eight yellowish antioxidant spots, including apigenin and apigenin-7-glucoside. The TLC-scanning results showed that the peak area of antioxidant spots of flavone extracts from Roman chamomile was significantly larger than that of flavone extracts from chamomile.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Volatile oil extracts from the two species of chamomiles have significant difference in the antioxidant activity in TLC-bioautography. Specifically, the antioxidant activity of volatile oil extracts from chamomile is stronger than volatile oil extracts from Roman chamomile; the known antioxidant active components in volatile oil extracts from chamomile is en-yne-dicycloether, while all of the other three antioxidant active components as well as antioxidant active components in volatile oil extracts from Roman chamomile are unknown components and remain to be further determined. Considering the significant difference in the number of antioxidant active spots in volatile oil extracts from the two species of chamomiles, the result can be applied to distinguish the two species of chamomiles. The antioxidant activity determination result for flavone extracts from two species of chamomiles was consistent with the result of TLC-bioautography, showing that flavone extracts from chamomile and Roman chamomile are more antioxidant active, while that of Roman chamomile is stronger than chamomile. Flavone extracts from both of the two species of chamomiles contain apigenin and pigenin-7-glucoside, which are known, while all of the other five antioxidant active components contained in flavone extracts from chamomile and the other six antioxidant active components contained in flavone extracts from Roman chamomile are unknown and remain to be further identified. The method lays a foundation for further identification of antioxidant active components contained in chamomile.</p>