RESUMEN
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat) is an important floricultural crop and medicinal herb. Modern chrysanthemum cultivars have complex genetic backgrounds because of multiple cycles of hybridization, polyploidization, and prolonged cultivation. Understanding the genetic background and hybrid origin of modern chrysanthemum cultivars can provide pivotal information for chrysanthemum genetic improvement and breeding. By now, the origin of cultivated chrysanthemums remains unclear. In this study, 36 common chrysanthemum cultivars from across the world and multiple wild relatives were studied to identify the maternal donor of modern chrysanthemum. Chloroplast (cp) genomes of chrysanthemum cultivars were assembled and compared with those of the wild relatives. The structure of cp genomes was highly conserved among cultivars and wild relatives. Phylogenetic analyses based on the assembled cp genomes showed that all chrysanthemum cultivars grouped together and shared 64 substitutions that were distinct from those of their wild relatives. These results indicated that a diverged lineage of the genus Chrysanthemum, which was most likely an extinct or un-sampled species/population, provided a maternal source for modern cultivars. These findings provide important insights into the origin of chrysanthemum cultivars, and a source of valuable genetic markers for chrysanthemum breeding programs.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To explore the distribution characteristics of Chinese medicine (CM) syndromes and the rule of dynamic evolvement in patients with colorectal cancer at the perioperative period by applying a mathematical statistics methodology. METHODS: By using the overall sample date, and cross-sectional descriptive and prospective researching methods, the clinical data of CM symptoms of patients with colorectal cancer from the first day of preoperative care to the third, seventh, and tenth days after the operation were collected. The distribution characteristics of CM syndromes and dynamic evolution were concluded upon by experts, and then by building up a database through the use of EpiData3.1 the frequency statistics and cluster analyses were applied utilizing SAS9.2 software. RESULTS: Among 210 cases of patient, on the day before the operation, the main route of syndrome was blood deficiency (33.33%), followed by the syndrome of deficiency of both qi and yin (28.57%). On the third day after surgery, the main syndrome was qi deficiency (47.62%), followed by yin deficiency inner-heat. On the seventh day after surgery, the main syndrome was both yin deficiency inner-heat (33.33%) and phlegm-dampness (33.33%). On the tenth day after surgery, the main syndrome was a deficiency of both qi and yin (38.09%), followed by dampness and hot accumulative knotting (33.33%). CONCLUSION: Research in the field of the distribution characteristics of CM syndromes and dynamic evolution will provide an objective basis for syndrome differentiation for patients in the perioperative period, further advancing the study of preventing and decreasing relapse and metastasis in CM therapy.