Preventive and synbiotic effects of the soluble dietary fiber obtained from Lentinula edodes byproducts and Lactobacillus plantarum LP90 against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice.

BACKGROUND: Soluble dietary fiber (SDF) obtained from Lentinula edodes byproducts has beneficial effects on human intestinal health. This study aimed to examine the combined preventive and ameliorative effects of a kind of synbiotic (SDF with a molecular weight of 1.58 × 102 kDa and Lactobacillus plantarum LP90 (LP) at 1 × 109 CFU kg-1 ) on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mice. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that synbiotic treatment could alleviate weight loss, decrease the disease activity index level and cause histological amelioration. Synbiotic treatment also promoted the production of goblet cells, increased the expression of tight junction proteins, and adjusted the production of myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase to repair intestinal epithelial injury. Clinical symptoms were alleviated by maintaining Th17/Treg balance, increasing interleukin 10 and immunoglobulin A levels, reducing interleukin 17a and tumor necrosis factor α production, and promoting mRNA to highly express of Foxp3 and vitamin D receptors. Moreover, synbiotic treatment could upregulate butyric acid production (4.71 ± 0.46 mol g-1 feces, P < 0.05) and diversity of intestinal microbial to maintain intestinal homeostasis. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that the combination of LP and SDF as a synbiotic has the potential for use as a nutritional supplement to alleviate colitis. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Polysaccharides from mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf prevents obesity by inhibiting pancreatic lipase in high-fat diet induced mice.

Pancreatic lipase (PL) is a key enzyme related to the prevention and treatment of obesity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of mulberry leaf polysaccharides (MLP) on PL and possible interaction mechanism, inhibition on lipid accumulation in vitro and in vivo. The results revealed that MLP had obvious inhibitory effects on PL (P < 0.05). The interaction of MLP-PL complexes was in a spontaneous way driven by enthalpy, and hydrogen bonds were the main factors in the binding. MLP could significantly inhibit the development of lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells (P < 0.05). Furthermore, consumption of high-fat diet containing MLP showed protective effects on liver and adipose tissue damages in mice, and inhibited the lipid absorption in digestive tract. MLP also significantly reduced the increased expression level of pancreatic digestive enzymes (P < 0.05). The study indicated that the anti-obesity effect of MLP might be caused by inhibition of lipid absorption via reducing PL activity.

Chrysophyllum cainito. L alleviates diabetic and complications by playing antioxidant, antiglycation, hypoglycemic roles and the chemical profile analysis.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Chrysophyllum cainito L. (C. cainito) is a traditional folk medicine in tropical area which can be an alternative agent for diabetes mellitus. Although the antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of the extracts are reported, little is known on the antiglycation activity and effects on diabetic complications. AIM OF THE STUDY: This work was aimed to investigate the chemical profile, antidiabetic, antioxidant activities of C. cainito. Especially, the antiglycation potential as well as the relationships between components and activities were evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The content of the primary components (polyphenols, flavonoids, steroids, and triterpenes), antioxidant, and hypoglycemic effects of ethanolic extracts from C. cainito leaves (CCE-1, 2, 3, 4) and stems (CSE-1, 2, 3, 4) were analyzed and detected. The chemical profiles of CCE-2 were characterized by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The antiglycation and protection against oxidative stress effects were determined by in vitro assays. Relationship between bioactivities and components was analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), heatmap analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis. RESULTS: The composition was diverse between leaves and stem extracts with different activities. CCE-2 possessed the highest DPPH scavenging activity. CSE-2 displayed the highest ABTS scavenging activity and ferric reducing power. While CCE-3 showed the most effective inhibition on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity (IC50 4.103 ± 0.332 µg/mL and 0.180 ± 0.006 mg/mL, respectively). PCA analysis showed that the most important variables in PC1 (60.7%) were total polyphenol and antioxidant activities. The hypoglycemic activity and contents of steroids showed important correlation. Advanced glycation end products formation was effectively inhibited by CCE-2 with myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside as the main constituent. CCE-3 displayed the highest protection effect against L02 cell line oxidation damage. CONCLUSIONS: C. cainito leaves might be a promising candidate for antioxidant, hypoglycemic and antiglycation dietary supplement or potential agent against diabetes associated chronic diseases.

Recent Developments in Inonotus obliquus (Chaga mushroom) Polysaccharides: Isolation, Structural Characteristics, Biological Activities and Application.

Inonotus obliquus (Chaga mushroom) is a kind of medicine and health food widely used by folk in China, Russia, Korea, and some occidental countries. Among the extracts from Inonotus obliquus, Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide (IOPS) is supposed to be one of the major bioactive components in Inonotus obliquus, which possesses antitumor, antioxidant, anti-virus, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic activities. In this review, the current advancements on extraction, purification, structural characteristics, and biological activities of IOPS were summarized. This review can provide significant insight into the IOPS bioactivities as their in vitro and in vivo data were summarized, and some possible mechanisms were listed. Furthermore, applications of IOPS were reviewed and discussed; IOPS might be a potential candidate for the treatment of cancers and type 2 diabetes. Besides, new perspectives for the future work of IOPS were also proposed.

Characterization, antioxidant activities, and inhibition on α-glucosidase activity of corn silk polysaccharides obtained by different extraction methods.

The polysaccharides (CSPw, CSPc, CSPa, and CSPu) were prepared by hot water extraction, acid-assisted extraction, alkaline-assisted extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction from corn silk, respectively. High performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicated that the extraction methods had an obvious impact on the molecular weight, structure, and morphology of the CSPs. Among the four polysaccharides, CSPu showed the highest inhibitory α-glucosidase activity, which might be related to its smaller molecular weight. Furthermore, kinetics analyses revealed that CSPu had significant inhibition of α-glucosidase in a non-reversible and competitive manner. Fluorescence quenching analysis illustrated that the interaction mechanism of CSPu and α-glucosidase was claimed as a static quenching mechanism. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analysis showed that the main driving forces for the interaction of CSPu with α-glucosidase was hydrogen bonding and the binding interactions of them occurred spontaneously.

Antioxidant, α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity of various solvent fractions of I. obliquus and the preventive role of active fraction against H2 O2 induced damage in hepatic L02 cells as fungisome.

Inonotus obliquus is a traditional mushroom well known for its therapeutic value. In this study, various solvent fractions of I. obliquus were preliminarily screened for their antioxidant, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition properties. To improve the drug delivery, the active fraction (ethyl acetate fraction) of I. obliquus was synthesized into fungisome (ethyl acetate phophotidyl choline complex, EAPC) and its physical parameters were assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and ς potential analysis. Then normal human hepatic L02 cells was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of EAPC. The results showed that EA fraction possesses significant free radical scavenging, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition properties. FTIR, SEM, and HPLC analysis confirmed the fungisome formation. The particle size of EAPC was 102.80 ± 0.42 nm and the ς potential was -54.30 ± 0.61 mV. The percentage of drug entrapment efficiency was 97.13% and the drug release rates of EAPC in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid were 75.04 ± 0.29% and 93.03 ± 0.36%, respectively. EAPC was nontoxic to L02 cells, however it could selectively fight against the H2 O2 induced oxidative damage in L02 cells. This is the first study to provide scientific information to utilize the active fraction of I. obliquus as fungisome. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Inonotus obliquus (IO) is a traditional medicinal fungus. The extracts of IO have obvious antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. Ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of IO was encapsulated in liposomes to form EAPC. EAPC has a sustained-release effect. It has nontoxic to L02 cells and could protect L02 cells from oxidative damage caused by hydrogen peroxide. This study could provide new ideas for the treatment of diabetes.

Antioxidant and antihypertensive effects of garlic protein and its hydrolysates and the related mechanism.

Garlic protein (GP) was enzymatically hydrolyzed using pepsin and trypsin followed by the evaluation of antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of GP and its hydrolysates. The antihypertensive effects of GP and its hydrolysates were determined in vivo. The results showed that GP and its hydrolysates namely GPH-P (pepsin) and GPH-T (trypsin) possessed appreciable antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activities. The ACE inhibitory activity of GP, GPH-T, and GPH-P was in consistent with their antioxidant activities. GP and its hydrolysates offered significant protective effects against H2 O2 -induced oxidative damage (p < .05). In addition, the administration of GP, GPH-T, and GPH-P reduced the blood pressure in hypertensive rats. The mechanism might be to reduce blood pressure by inhibiting the activity of ACE, reducing the formation of ACEII, and protecting the activity of bradykinin. This study suggested that GP might be utilized as a promising functional food as antioxidant and antihypertensive agents. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the oldest cultivated plants that belongs to the Liliaceae family and it has been used in cooking and medicinal applications. Large quantities of garlic residuals were produced with the development of the garlic essential oil industry. These residuals are highly rich in proteins and they can be used for the preparation of protein hydrolysates. Generally, hydrolysates are considered as a promising food supplement due to the enrichment of amino acids present in it. In this study, garlic proteins (GPs) and its hydrolysates retain effective antioxidant effects. They were found to reduce  the blood pressure and prevent oxidative stress induced by H2 O2 . The information from this study could be used to develop a new nutritional supplement from GP and its hydrolysates to treat hypertension as well as prevent oxidative damage.

Identification and antimicrobial activity evaluation of three peptides from laba garlic and the related mechanism.

Laba garlic is a traditional Chinese processed garlic (Allium sativum L.) with multiple health benefits. This study was aimed at isolating and identifying three antimicrobial peptide fractions from laba garlic using Sephadex chromatography, pre-HPLC and LC-MS/MS and investigating the potential antimicrobial mechanism. The sequences of the three peptides were demonstrated to be Tyr-Asn-His-Asn-Phe (YNHNF, F3-3-a), Trp-Pro-Thr-Ser-Phe-Thr (WPTSFT, F3-3-b) and Ala-Val-Asp-Arg-Ala-Val (AVDRAV, F3-3-c), respectively. F3-3-c showed the strongest anti-microbial effects among these three fractions and it could inhibit the mycelial growth of E. coli and S. aureus in vitro with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 100 µM and exhibited negligible hemolytic activity. F3-3-c showed amphipathic properties with the presence of α-helix (25.8 ± 0.56%), ß-strands (19.7 ± 0.45%), turns (21.2 ± 0.78%) and unordered conformation (33.3 ± 1.09%). Treatment of F3-3-c resulted in a change in the morphology of the hyphae and the disruption of membrane integrity as shown by SEM and TEM analyses. These results suggested that the laba garlic peptide F3-3-c might be a promising candidate for antibiotics and related functional foods.

Identification of Ellagitannins in the Unripe Fruit of Rubus Chingii Hu and Evaluation of its Potential Antidiabetic Activity.

As a functional food, the unripe fruits of Rubus chingii Hu have been widely used in China for thousands of years. Twenty-five major ellagitannins (ETs) were identified from the unripe fruits, and a novel ellagitannin, chingiitannin A (1), together with four other known ETs (2-5) were isolated and identified by HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and 2D-NMR. Chingiitannin A showed the highest α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities (IC50 2.89 and 4.52 µM, respectively), which occurred in a reversible and noncompetitive manner. Static quenching was indicated in a fluorescence quenching assay. Molecular docking results revealed that chingiitannin A interacted with the enzymes mainly by hydrogen bonding and was bound in the allosteric site. Chingiitannin A was nontoxic, and it increased the glucose uptake in L6 myotubes. The results suggested that the unripe fruits of Rubus chingii Hu are rich sources of ETs, and chingiitannin A might be a good candidate for functional foods or antidiabetic drugs.

Effects of N-trans-feruloyltyramine isolated from laba garlic on antioxidant, cytotoxic activities and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 and L02 cells.

Laba garlic is a kind of processed garlic products, it is the traditional Chinese food with a long history. In this study, the antitumor, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of the blue pigment (BP) from Laba garlic were investigated. N-trans-feruloyltyramine (FLA) was isolated and identified from BP. The protective effects of FLA against H2O2-induced oxidative damages in L02 cells were also assessed. The apoptotic effects of FLA were detected by using flow cytometry analysis. Results showed that the tumor growth was significantly suppressed by BP (P<0.05). BP and FLA exhibited remarkable antioxidant activities. L02 cells pretreatment with FLA could significantly fight against the oxidative damage induced by H2O2, inhibit the morphological changes of mitochondria and maintain the integrity of mitochondria. FLA showed proliferation inhibition on HepG2 cells with IC50 value of 194 ±â€¯0.894 µM. After treatment of FLA (320 µM), the results of MTT assay on HepG2 and L02 cells indicated that FLA had selective cytotoxic effects. It suggested a new way of prevention and treatment of tumors and FLA might be a promising candidate in cancer therapy and functional foods.

Structural characterization of corn silk polysaccharides and its effect in H2O2 induced oxidative damage in L6 skeletal muscle cells.

To evaluate the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from corn silk in H2O2 induced oxidative damage in L6 skeletal muscle cells. A polysaccharide (CSP2) was isolated from corn silk. Structure analysis of CSP2 with 1D and 2D NMR indicated that CSP2 was composed of (1→6)-linked α-d-glucose. The substituent of the α-d-glucose is composed of (1→3)-linked α-l-arabinose, (1→4)-linked ß-d-galactose and (1→3,5)-linked ß-d-mannose, with ß-d-xylose and α-l-rhamnose as terminal unit. CSP2 had the potential to scavenge DPPH and hydroxyl radical and inhibit hemolysis in vitro. CSP2 was found to suppress oxidant stress by improving the enzyme activities of SOD, CAT, and GPX. Rodamine 123 staining results showed that the pretreatment of CSP2 prevented changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential and increased the fluorescence intensity in L6 cells in the presence of H2O2. These results suggested that CSP2 could be utilized as a potential antioxidant supplement to prevent oxidative stress.

Physicochemical properties of polysaccharides from Lentinus edodes under high pressure cooking treatment and its enhanced anticancer effects.

This study was to investigate the physicochemical properties and anticancer effects of polysaccharides from Lentinus edodes extracted under high pressure cooking treatment (HPLPS) in vitro and in vivo. The extraction efficiency was improved. The main molecular weight of HPLPS was about 540 and about 227 kDa. And the inhibitory effects on HepG2 and HeLa cells of HPLPS were significantly increased (p < 0.05). The in vivo anticancer effect on H22 tumor bearing mice model was evaluated. The tumor growth inhibitory rate of HPLPS-H was 67.66%. The activities of ALT and AST were decreased. The activities of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px were notably increased. The expressions of IL-2 and TNF-α were increased while the expression of VEGF was decreased. These results suggested that high pressure-assisted extracted polysaccharides from Lentinus edodes might be effectively used for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma through its antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects.