[Brief discussion on the characteristics of meridian sinew theory at the early era].

The characteristics of meridian sinew theory at the early era have been collected. It is believed that the running courses and indications of twelve meridian sinew regions in Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot) are closely associated with Zubi Shiyimai Jiujing (Moxibustion Therapy on the Eleven Meridians of Legs and Arms) and Yinyang Shiyimai Jiujing (Moxibustion Therapy on the Eleven Meridians of Yin and Yang). Due to the attachment of twelve regular meridians, the development of its own theory is blocked. Meridian sinew theory guides the diagnosis and treatment of many dominant disorders (e.g. pain disorder and bi syndrome) with acupuncture and moxibustion. The defensive qi is circulated among meridian sinews, which is the core of meridian sinew theory. The acupoint selection relies on the meridian sinew theory at the early era, such as "consolidating muscles when they involved in disorders, using painful sites as acupoints to treat diseases" "interaction of the associated muscles" and "conducting meridian qi along with the running courses of meridians". The crack needling (one of the nine needling techniques exerted between two muscles to treat muscular pain) is adopted generally to mobilize the defensive qi so as to resist pathogens, relieve the compression in foci and promote qi and blood circulation in meridians. The rational understanding of meridian sinew theory may improve the accuracy of diagnosis and treatment of meridian sinew disorders, "reduce the pressure" on meridian theory and contribute to the enrichment of the theoretical framework of acupuncture and moxibustion.

Brief discussion on the characteristics of meridian sinew theory at the early era / 中国针灸

The characteristics of meridian sinew theory at the early era have been collected. It is believed that the running courses and indications of twelve meridian sinew regions in Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot) are closely associated with Zubi Shiyimai Jiujing (Moxibustion Therapy on the Eleven Meridians of Legs and Arms) and Yinyang Shiyimai Jiujing (Moxibustion Therapy on the Eleven Meridians of Yin and Yang). Due to the attachment of twelve regular meridians, the development of its own theory is blocked. Meridian sinew theory guides the diagnosis and treatment of many dominant disorders (e.g. pain disorder and bi syndrome) with acupuncture and moxibustion. The defensive qi is circulated among meridian sinews, which is the core of meridian sinew theory. The acupoint selection relies on the meridian sinew theory at the early era, such as "consolidating muscles when they involved in disorders, using painful sites as acupoints to treat diseases" "interaction of the associated muscles" and "conducting meridian qi along with the running courses of meridians". The crack needling (one of the nine needling techniques exerted between two muscles to treat muscular pain) is adopted generally to mobilize the defensive qi so as to resist pathogens, relieve the compression in foci and promote qi and blood circulation in meridians. The rational understanding of meridian sinew theory may improve the accuracy of diagnosis and treatment of meridian sinew disorders, "reduce the pressure" on meridian theory and contribute to the enrichment of the theoretical framework of acupuncture and moxibustion.

Odorant Binding Protein C17 Contributes to the Response to Artemisia vulgaris Oil in Tribolium castaneum.

The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (T. castaneum), generates great financial losses to the grain storage and food processing industries. Previous studies have shown that essential oil (EO) from Artemisia vulgaris (A. vulgaris) has strong contact toxicity to larvae of the beetle, and odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) contribute to the defense of larvae against A. vulgaris. However, the functions of OBPs in insects defending against plant oil is still not clear. Here, expression of one OBP gene, TcOBPC17, was significantly induced 12-72 h after EO exposure. Furthermore, compared to the control group, RNA interference (RNAi) against TcOBPC17 resulted in a higher mortality rate after EO treatment, which suggests that TcOBPC17 involves in the defense against EO and induces a declining sensitivity to EO. In addition, the tissue expression profile analysis revealed that the expression of TcOBPC17 was more abundant in the metabolic detoxification organs of the head, fat body, epidermis, and hemolymph than in other larval tissue. The expression profile of developmental stages showed that TcOBPC17 had a higher level in early and late adult stages than in other developmental stages. Taken together, these results suggest that TcOBPC17 could participate in the sequestration process of exogenous toxicants in T. castaneum larvae.

Experimental Research Progress of Replenishing Qi and Activating Blood Circulation Traditional Chinese Medicine on Mitochondrial Quality Control in Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome，which is the final result of compensatory failure of heart injury caused by various reasons. Long-term persistent cardiac stress leads to mitochondrial dysfunction，which in turn further damages cardiomyocytes and leads to disease progression. Timely removal of damaged mitochondria in cardiomyocytes and maintaining a good living environment of viable mitochondria is not only an effective means to protect cardiomyocytes，but also a new way to prevent and treat heart failure and ventricular remodeling. Mitochondrial quality control is a series of cellular activities for mitochondria to maintain their structural and functional stability，including oxidative stress response，regulation of mitochondrial dynamics，mitochondrial autophagy，intracellular calcium regulation and so on. Traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） mostly uses drugs of replenishing Qi and activating blood circulation in the treatment of chronic heart failure，and Qi and mitochondria are similar in function. According to TCM，the performance of the body as "static，descending and inhibitory" in the case of Qi deficiency can also be compared with the energy defect of mitochondria. The classical method of tonifying qi and activating blood circulation in TCM can be applied here. In recent years，TCM takes mitochondria as the target and carries out many related experimental studies from the point of view of myocardial energy supply. It is found that Chinese herbs for replenishing Qi and activating blood circulation can participate in regulating the quality control mechanism of intracellular mitochondria with multiple targets and links. It is proved by experiments that Chinese herbs for replenishing Qi and activating blood circulation can exert myocardial protective effect through this mechanism.

[Analysis of the divergent meridians of twelve meridians].

This paper analyzes the problems existing in the current theory of divergent meridian ("Jingbie"), such as the unclear route of divergent meridian, the controversy in the "li-he-chu-ru" and the lack of in-depth research on the theory of "liuhe", clarifies the source and privides insights. The author analyzed the word "Jingbie" by means of the four proofreading methods combined with philology method to explore the origin of "Jingbie ". The divergent meridians is the remnant of the original meridians system in the bamboo and silk documents, which was put into the meridians system after being sorted out by doctors. The twelve meridians are combined in two, forming the "liuhe" point, which is located in the neck, and has a great influence on the blood circulation of the head and neck. "liuhe" point and theory can guide the differentiation of acupuncture and moxibustion, and has an important guiding significance for the treatment of empirical, emergency and head and face diseases.

[Acupuncture combined with opioid drugs on moderate and severe cancer pain: a randomized controlled trial].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical therapeutic effect of acupuncture combined with opioid drugs on moderate and severe cancer pain. METHODS: A total of 60 patients with cancer were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 30 cases in each group. Oxycodonehydrochloride prolonged-release tablet was taken orally in the control group. On the basis of the control group, acupuncture was applied at Hegu (LI 4), Neiguan (PC 6), Zusanli (ST 36), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), etc. Corresponding back-shu points, xi-cleft points and ashi points were selected additionally according to primary viscera and pain sites in the observation group. The treatment was given once a day for 2 weeks. Symptomatic and supportive treatment were implanted, and no other antalgic measures were given during the trial. The daily dosage of opioid drug and the adverse reactions were recorded in both groups. Karnofsky performance status (KPS) and quality of life (QOL) scale scores were compared before and after treatment. Numerical rating scale (NRS) score was calculated to evaluate the clinical therapeutic effect. RESULTS: Compared before treatment, the daily dosage of opioid drugs after treatment was obviously reduced in the observation group (P<0.01), and was obviously increased in the control group (P<0.05). The dosage of opioid drugs after treatment in the observation group was much less than the control group (P<0.01). After treatment, the KPS and QOL scores were increased in both groups (P<0.01), and the scores in the observation group were superior to the control group (P<0.01, P<0.05). The analgesic effective rate was 90.0% (27/30) in the observation group, which was superior to 76.7% (23/30) in the control group (P<0.05). The adverse reactions rate in the observation group was lower than the control group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Acupuncture combined with opioid drugs can effectively relieve the cancer pain, improve the performance status and quality of life in cancer patients, reduce the dosage of opioid drugs and adverse reactions rate.

Analysis of the divergent meridians of twelve meridians / 中国针灸

This paper analyzes the problems existing in the current theory of divergent meridian (""), such as the unclear route of divergent meridian, the controversy in the "---" and the lack of in-depth research on the theory of "", clarifies the source and privides insights. The author analyzed the word "" by means of the four proofreading methods combined with philology method to explore the origin of " ". The divergent meridians is the remnant of the original meridians system in the bamboo and silk documents, which was put into the meridians system after being sorted out by doctors. The twelve meridians are combined in two, forming the "" point, which is located in the neck, and has a great influence on the blood circulation of the head and neck. "" point and theory can guide the differentiation of acupuncture and moxibustion, and has an important guiding significance for the treatment of empirical, emergency and head and face diseases.

Oleandrin sensitizes human osteosarcoma cells to cisplatin by preventing degradation of the copper transporter 1.

A major problem in osteosarcoma treatment is cisplatin resistance. We have reported the anti-osteosarcoma effect of oleandrin; however, whether oleandrin sensitizes osteosarcoma to cisplatin is unknown. We investigated the chemosensitization of oleandrin and potential mechanisms in osteosarcoma cells U-2OS, SaOS-2, and MG-63. The median-effect analysis demonstrated that cisplatin + oleandrin exerted synergistic (U-2OS and MG-63) or additive effects (SaOS-2), which were consistent with the changes of the intracellular accumulation of platinum (Pt) and Pt-DNA adducts. Immunohistochemistry staining showed that the expression level of the mature form CTR1, the major influx transporter of cisplatin, was low in osteosarcoma tissue. However, oleandrin with or without cisplatin significantly increased the expression and membrane localization of the mature CTR1. Furthermore, CTR1 knockdown reversed the synergistic effect and decreased cisplatin uptake. The mRNA microarray analysis suggested that oleandrin downregulated the expression of proteasome-related genes, which was verified by the proteasome activity assay. Besides, the proteasome inhibitor MG132 upregulated the expression of the mature CTR1 in U-2OS and MG-63 cells. Overall, we conclude that oleandrin sensitizes osteosarcoma cells to cisplatin in synergistic or additive manners. The synergy results from the enhanced cisplatin uptake via oleandrin-mediated inhibition of proteasome activity and subsequent blockage of the mature CTR1 degradation.

[Analysis of the academic features of the moxibustion of Xin'an physicians].

Xin'an acupuncture and moxibustion physicians have a lot of talented people. Their academic theories promote the development of moxibustion theory. WANG Guo-rui used acupuncture and moxibustion together in clinic, and emphasized reinforcing and reducing method. Moxibustion was performed with unique matching acupoint according to different cases. WANG Ji proposed the theory "moxibustion can cure sores, and has reinforcing and reducing method""scars block the movement of qi and do not use moxibustion when there is no disease". XU Chun-fu elaborated on the theory of moxibustion, which involved a wide range of ideas and advocated the idea of combining acupuncture with drugs. WU Qian put forward the theory "moxibustion is mostly used at acupoints on the back, and can cure multiple syndromes" "focus on the use of miraculous acupoints for the treatment of emergency diseases" "moxibustion must be treated with enough moxibustion to cure the disease". WU Yi-ding thonght that only by carefully identifying the types of diseases and using corresponding acupoints could have a very good curative effect; moxibustion had indications and contraindications, so be careful when used it; moxibustion was divided into yin and yang, also divided into reinforcing and reducing methods; sores were suitable for moxibustion and heat syndrome could also be used by moxibustion. He also believed that moxibustion was as important as acupuncture with the complementary relationship. Hence, the valuable significance of moxibustion in clinical practice is explored through the collection of the academic thoughts of WANG Guo-rui, WANG Ji, XU Chun-fu, WU Qian and WU Yi-ding.

Analysis of the academic features of the moxibustion of ' physicians / 中国针灸

' acupuncture and moxibustion physicians have a lot of talented people. Their academic theories promote the development of moxibustion theory. - used acupuncture and moxibustion together in clinic, and emphasized reinforcing and reducing method. Moxibustion was performed with unique matching acupoint according to different cases. proposed the theory "moxibustion can cure sores, and has reinforcing and reducing method"scars block the movement of and do not use moxibustion when there is no disease". - elaborated on the theory of moxibustion, which involved a wide range of ideas and advocated the idea of combining acupuncture with drugs. put forward the theory "moxibustion is mostly used at acupoints on the back, and can cure multiple syndromes" "focus on the use of miraculous acupoints for the treatment of emergency diseases" "moxibustion must be treated with enough moxibustion to cure the disease". - thonght that only by carefully identifying the types of diseases and using corresponding acupoints could have a very good curative effect; moxibustion had indications and contraindications, so be careful when used it; moxibustion was divided into and , also divided into reinforcing and reducing methods; sores were suitable for moxibustion and heat syndrome could also be used by moxibustion. He also believed that moxibustion was as important as acupuncture with the complementary relationship. Hence, the valuable significance of moxibustion in clinical practice is explored through the collection of the academic thoughts of -, , -, and -.

[Effects of Moxibustion on Ventricular Mass Index and Expression of Apoptosis Related Proteins in Myocardium of Rats with Chronic Heart Failure].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of moxibustion on cardiac function and the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated X (Bax), Fas, Fas ligand (FasL) in cardiomyocytes of chronic heart failure (CHF) rats, so as to explore its underlying mechanisms in preventing and treating CHF. METHODS: SD rats were randomly divided into normal control, model, moxibustion, Captopril and moxibustion ＋ Captopril (M＋C) groups (n＝12 rats/group). The CHF model was established by intraperitoneal injection of Adriamycin (ADR, from 1 to 4 mg/kg, once every other day for 15 days). Mild moxibustion was applied to bilateral"Feishu"(BL 13) and "Xinshu"(BL 15). Rats of the Captopril group was treated by gavage of Captopril suspension (5 mg/mL, 25 mL/kg), and those of the M＋C group treated by the combined two methods. All the treatments were given once a day for 3 weeks. The general conditions and behaviors of rats were observed. The left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and right ventricular mass index (RVMI) were detected for assessing the cardiac performance. Morphological changes of myocardium were observed by HE staining. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the concentrations of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and precursor N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro BNP) in the serum. The expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, Fas and FasL of the left ventricle of heart were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: After modeling, the pathological changes of myocardium (as myocardial cell swelling with vacuoles, myocardial fibre breakage, etc.) were obvious, the LVMI, RVMI, serum BNP and NT-pro BNP concentrations, and myocardial Bax, Fas and FasL protein expression levels were significantly increased in the model group compared with the normal group (P<0.01), while the expression level of Bcl-2 was significantly down-regulated (P<0.01). Following the interventions, the myocardial injury was reduced, both LVMI and RVMI, serum BNP concentration and Bax, Fas and FasL expression levels in the three treatment groups, and serum NT-pro BNP concentration in the moxibustion and M＋C groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01), while the myocardial Bcl-2 protein levels in the three treatment groups were significantly increased relevant to the model group (P<0.01). Comparison among the three treatment groups showed that the effects of moxibustion ＋ Captopril were significantly superior to those of simple moxibustion and simple Captopril in suppressing CHF-induced increased expression of myocardial Bax, Fas and FasL, and in lessening CHF-induced decrease of Bcl-2 level (P<0.05, P<0.01). No significant differences were found among the three treatment groups in down-regulating LVMI and RVMI, and serum BNP content (P>0.05)．. CONCLUSION: Moxibustion can reduce myocardial injury and improve cardiac function in CHF rats, which may be related to its effects in down-regulating the expression of myocardial Bax, Fas and FasL proteins, and up-regulating the expression of Bcl-2 protein to inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis.

[Effect of Moxibustion Stimulation of "Feishu" (BL 13) and "Xinshu" (BL 15) on Expression of Myocardial MyD 88 Protein and Caspase 3 mRNA in Chronic Heart Failure Rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of moxibustion stimulation of "Feishu" (BL 13) and "Xinshu" (BL 15) on pathological changes of myocardium and the expression of myocardial myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD 88) protein and Caspase 3 mRNA in chronic heart failure (CHF) rats, so as to explore its mechanism underlying improvement of CHF. METHODS: SD male rats were randomly divided into normal (n=9), model (n=8), moxibustion (n=8), medication (n=8) and moxibustion + medication (n=8) groups. In addition, the other 6 rats (3/normal and 3/model groups) were used for measuring cardiac ventricle weight and H.E. stain. The CHF model was made by intraperitoneal injection of Adriamycin (ADR, from 1 to 4 mg/kg, once every other day for 15 days). Mild moxibustion was applied to bilateral BL13 and BL15 for 15 min, once daily for 3 weeks. Rats of the medication group were treated by Captopril (gavage) for 3 weeks. The expression of myocardial Caspase 3 mRNA and MyD 88 protein of the left ventricle was determined by quantitative real time-PCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS: In comparison with the normal group, the myocardial damage (cell swelling, cytoplasma vaculation, and disordered arrangement, rupture and lysis of some cardiac muscle fibers), and the expression levels of myocardial MyD 88 protein and Caspase 3 mRNA were obviously increased in the model group(P<0.01). After the interventions, the myocardial damage was relatively milder, and the expression of myocardial MyD 88 protein and Caspase 3 mRNA were significantly down-regulated in the moxibustion, me-dication and moxibustion+medication groups in comparison with the model group(P<0.05). No significant differences were found among the 3 treatment groups in the expression levels of MyD 88 protein and Caspase 3 mRNA(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Moxibustion intervention can suppress CHF induced up-regulation of expression of myocardial MyD 88 protein and Caspase 3 mRNA in rats, which may contribute to its effect in relieving myocardial injury.

Preparation of the Branch Bark Ethanol Extract in Mulberry Morus alba, Its Antioxidation, and Antihyperglycemic Activity In Vivo.

The biological activities of the branch bark ethanol extract (BBEE) in the mulberry Morus alba L. were investigated. The determination of active component showed that the flavonoids, phenols, and saccharides are the major components of the ethanol extract. The BBEE had a good scavenging activity of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical with around 100 µ g/mL of IC50 value. In vitro assay revealed that the BBEE strongly inhibited both α -glucosidase and sucrase activities whose IC50 values were 8.0 and 0.24 µ g/mL, respectively. The kinetic analysis showed that the BBEE as a kind of α -glucosidase inhibitor characterized a competitive inhibition activity. Furthermore, the carbohydrate tolerance of the normal mice was obviously enhanced at 0.5 h (P < 0.05) and 1.0 h (P < 0.05) after the BBEE intragastric administration as compared to negative control. At 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 h after the intragastric administration with starch, the postprandial hyperglycemia of the type 2 diabetic mice can be significantly decreased (P < 0.01) by supplying various concentrations of the BBEE (10-40 mg/kg body weight). Therefore, the BBEE could effectively inhibit the postprandial hyperglycemia as a novel α -glucosidase activity inhibitor for the diabetic therapy.

Safe temperature range for intraoperative and early postoperative continuous hyperthermic intraperitoneal perfusion in a swine model of experimental distal gastrectomy with Billroth II reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: The current study sought to investigate the safety of intraoperative and early postoperative continuous hyperthermic intraperitoneal perfusion (IEPCHIP) at different temperatures in a swine model of experimental distal gastrectomy with Billroth II reconstruction. METHODS: Thirty pigs were randomly divided into 5 groups. Two groups were used as the control groups (groups A1 and A2), and 3 groups were used as the perfusion groups (groups B, C and D). Pigs in group A1 received distal gastrectomy with Billroth II reconstruction only. Pigs in groups A2, B, C and D received the same surgery as group A1, followed by IEPCHIP at 37 ± 0.5°C, 42.5 ± 0.5°C, 43.5 ± 0.5°C or 44.5 ± 0.5°C, respectively. The perfusion time was assessed for each pig in group A2 as well as in the perfusion groups, and the perfusions were performed twice for each group. The first perfusion was conducted intraoperatively, and the second perfusion was initiated 1 day after surgery. Data concerning vital signs and hepatic and renal function were collected. Parameters concerning anastomotic healing, the pathology of the anastomotic tissue and abdominal adhesion were compared. RESULTS: The vital signs and hepatic and renal functions of the pigs in groups A1, A2, B and C were not significantly affected by this procedure. In contrast, the vital signs and hepatic and renal functions of the pigs in group D were significantly affected. Compared to the pigs in groups A1, A2 or B, the anastomotic bursting pressure, breaking strength and hydroxyproline content in group C and D pigs were significantly lower. No significant differences were observed in these parameters between groups A1, A2 and B. Abdominal adhesion was more severe in group D pigs. Collagen deposition in group A1, A2 and B pigs was dense in the anastomosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in group D. CONCLUSIONS: IEPCHIP at 42.5 ± 0.5°C was safe and caused minimal impairments. However, anastomotic healing was affected by perfusion at 43.5 ± 0.5°C and 44.5 ± 0.5°C, and abdominal adhesion was most severe in the group D animals, which were perfused at 44.5 ± 0.5°C.

[Effect of electroacupuncture on thymocyte apoptosis-related genes in morphine withdrawal rats].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the underlying mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) in relieving morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats. METHODS: Forty SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group, model group 1, model group 2 and EA group. Morphine withdrawal syndrome model was established by muscular injection of morphine (5 mg/kg on the 1st day, progressively increasing everyday till 100 mg/kg on the 20th day) in the hind limbs. Then, rats of model group 1 were anesthetized (10% chloraldurat) to be killed on the 21st day, and those of model group 2 killed on the 27th day. EA (2/100 Hz, 2-4 mA) was applied to bilateral "Zusanli" (ST 36) for 30 mm, once a day for 7 days. The rat's thymus was removed (after anesthesia), cut into sections (4 pm) and stained with immunohistochemical method for displaying the expression of apoptotic promoters Bax, Fas, Fas Ligand (FasL) as well as anti-apoptotic peptide Bcl-2. RESULTS: Compared with normal group, Bcl-2 immunoreaction (IR)-positive cell number of model group 1 and group 2 decreased significantly while Sax, Fas and FasLIR-positive cell number and Bax/Bcl-2 in two model groups increased considerably (P < 0.01). In comparison with model group 2, Bcl-2 IR-positive cell number of model group 1 decreased significantly (P < 0.05), Bax, Fas and FasL IR-positive cell number and Bax/Bcl-2 of model group 1 were significantly higher (P < 0.01, fl. 05). After EA, in comparison with model group 2, Fas and FasL IR-positive cell number and Bax/Bcl-2 decreased significantly (P < 0.01, 0.05), and Bcl-2 IR-positive cell number increased markedly in EA group (P < 0.05); in comparison with model group 1, Bcl-2 IR-positive cell number increased significantly (P < 0.01), while Bax, Fas and FasL IR-positive cell number and Bax/Bcl-2 decreased evidently in EA group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: EA at "Zusanli" (ST 36) can inhibit morphine-induced downregulation of Bcl-2 and upregulation of Fas and FasL expression, which may contribute to its effect in resisting thymus apoptosis in morphine withdrawal rats.

[Inhibition effects of rhubarb ethanol extract on herpes simplex virus infection in vivo].

OBJECTIVE: To know the anti-viral effects of rhubarb ethanol extract (REE) on herpes simplex virus(HSV) infection in vivo. METHODS: BALB/c mice inoculated from tail vein with 0.15 ml of HSV (TCID50=10(3)) were injected hypodermically with REE next day. After divided into seven groups, three groups of mice were given different doses of REE respectively and the other groups as controls. Pathological sections from the liver, spleen, kidney were made at different times of postinfection, and their pathological changes were observed under microscope; the virus titers in viscera were assayed by using plaque formation technique and the rhubarb inhibitions to the infection of HSV in vivo?were observed. RESULTS: No toxic response to mice were observed for REE injected hypodermically; no pathological changes were observed in different therapy groups of spleens. And those in livers and kidneys at medium- and high-dosed groups disappeared quickly. The effect of low-dosed group was equal to that of positive control group, acyclovir(ACV); the results of the titer tests showed that the virus decreased rapidly by using REE, especially in the medium- and high-dosed groups which were much more marked than the low-dosed group; Q test of the data showed that total mean value had statistical significance (F=49.1459, P<0.01); moreover there were statistical significance between therapy groups (ACV, DH1, DH2, DH3) and non-therapy groups (VC) (P<0.01 ) and between DH2, DH3 and DH1 (P<0.01); no statistical significance were found between DH1, DH2 or DH3 and ACV (P>0.05). Results show that as to the effect of decreasing the average of the total titer, rhubarb is as effective as ACV; furthermore, the medium- and high-dosed groups are superior to the low-dosed group. CONCLUSIONS: REE has significant anti-viral effect on HSV in vivo; there will be a wide application foreground of it in clinical usage.

Inhibition effects of rhubarb ethanol extract on herpes simplex virus infection in vivo / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To know the anti-viral effects of rhubarb ethanol extract (REE) on herpes simplex virus(HSV) infection in vivo.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>BALB/c mice inoculated from tail vein with 0.15 ml of HSV (TCID50=10(3)) were injected hypodermically with REE next day. After divided into seven groups, three groups of mice were given different doses of REE respectively and the other groups as controls. Pathological sections from the liver, spleen, kidney were made at different times of postinfection, and their pathological changes were observed under microscope; the virus titers in viscera were assayed by using plaque formation technique and the rhubarb inhibitions to the infection of HSV in vivo?were observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>No toxic response to mice were observed for REE injected hypodermically; no pathological changes were observed in different therapy groups of spleens. And those in livers and kidneys at medium- and high-dosed groups disappeared quickly. The effect of low-dosed group was equal to that of positive control group, acyclovir(ACV); the results of the titer tests showed that the virus decreased rapidly by using REE, especially in the medium- and high-dosed groups which were much more marked than the low-dosed group; Q test of the data showed that total mean value had statistical significance (F=49.1459, P<0.01); moreover there were statistical significance between therapy groups (ACV, DH1, DH2, DH3) and non-therapy groups (VC) (P<0.01 ) and between DH2, DH3 and DH1 (P<0.01); no statistical significance were found between DH1, DH2 or DH3 and ACV (P>0.05). Results show that as to the effect of decreasing the average of the total titer, rhubarb is as effective as ACV; furthermore, the medium- and high-dosed groups are superior to the low-dosed group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>REE has significant anti-viral effect on HSV in vivo; there will be a wide application foreground of it in clinical usage.</p>