RESUMEN
Anticancer drugs, such as fluorouracil (5-FU), oxaliplatin, and doxorubicin (Dox) are commonly used to treat colorectal cancer (CRC); however, owing to their low response rate and adverse effects, the development of efficient drug delivery systems (DDSs) is required. The cellular prion protein PrPC, which is a cell surface glycoprotein, has been demonstrated to be overexpressed in CRC, however, there has been no research on the development of PrPC-targeting DDSs for targeted drug delivery to CRC. In this study, PrPC aptamer (Apt)-conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized for targeted delivery of Dox to CRC. Thiol-terminated PrPC-Apt was conjugated to AuNPs, followed by hybridization of its complementary DNA for drug loading. Finally, Dox was loaded onto the AuNPs to synthesize PrPC-Apt-functionalized doxorubicin-oligomer-AuNPs (PrPC-Apt DOA). The PrPC-Apt DOA were spherical nanoparticles with an average diameter of 20 nm. Treatment of CRC cells with PrPC-Apt DOA induced reactive oxygen species generation by decreasing catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. In addition, treatment with PrPC-Apt DOA inhibited mitochondrial functions by decreasing the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha, complex 4 activity, and oxygen consumption rates. Compared to free Dox, PrPC-Apt DOA decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of CRC cells to a greater degree. In this study, we demonstrated that PrPC-Apt DOA targeting could effectively deliver Dox to CRC cells. PrPC-Apt DOA can be used as a treatment for CRC, and have the potential to replace existing anticancer drugs, such as 5-FU, oxaliplatin, and Dox.
Asunto(s)
Aptámeros de Nucleótidos/química , Neoplasias Colorrectales/tratamiento farmacológico , Doxorrubicina/administración & dosificación , Doxorrubicina/uso terapéutico , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Oro/química , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Proteínas Priónicas/química , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Catalasa/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Doxorrubicina/farmacología , Humanos , Potencial de la Membrana Mitocondrial/efectos de los fármacos , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Coactivador 1-alfa del Receptor Activado por Proliferadores de Peroxisomas gamma/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Esferoides Celulares/efectos de los fármacos , Esferoides Celulares/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be used in cell-based therapy to promote neovascularization for the treatment of ischemic diseases. However, high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from the pathophysiological ischemic environment induce senescence and apoptosis of MSCs, resulting in reduced functionality and defective neovascularization. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the protective effects of Cirsium setidens, a natural product, on oxidative stressinduced apoptosis in MSCs. The present study investigated for the change of ROS levels in MSCs using ROS assays. In addition, cell viability determined by MTT and TUNEL assays. Western blot analysis was performed to investigate the change of apoptosisassociated proteins in MSCs. Treatment of MSCs with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 200 µM) significantly increased intracellular ROS levels and cell death; however, pretreatment with C. setidens (100 µg/ml) suppressed H2O2induced ROS generation and increased the survival of MSCs. H2O2induced ROS production increased the levels of phosphorylatedp38 mitogen activated protein kinase, cJun Nterminal kinase, ataxia telangiectasia mutated and p53; these increases were inhibited by pretreatment with C. setidens. In addition, C. setidens inhibited ROSinduced apoptosis of MSCs by increasing the expression levels of the antiapoptotic protein Bcell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), and decreasing the expression levels of the proapoptotic protein BCL2associated X protein. These findings indicated that pretreatment of MSCs with C. setidens may prevent ROSinduced oxidative injury by regulating the oxidative stressassociated signaling pathway, and suppressing the apoptosisassociated signal pathway. Therefore, C. setidens may be developed as a beneficial broadspectrum agent for enhancing the effectiveness of MSC transplantation in the treatment of ischemic diseases.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Cirsium/química , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/citología , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/química , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. Given this potential for tissue regeneration, MSC-based therapeutic applications have been considered in recent years. However, ischemia-induced apoptosis has been reported to be one of the main causes of MSC death following transplantation. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether a natural antioxidant, fucoidan, could protect MSCs from ischemia-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we investigated the mechanism of action of fucoidan's anti-ischemic effect in MSCs. METHODS AND RESULT: Pre-treatment with fucoidan (10 µg/mL) suppressed the increase in H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and drastically reduced apoptotic cell death in MSCs. Fucoidan inhibited the activation of the pro-apoptotic proteins p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and caspase-3, and augmented the expression of the anti-apoptosis protein cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (cIAP). Moreover, fucoidan significantly increased manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) expression and decreased cellular ROS levels via the Akt pathway, resulting in enhanced cell survival. In a murine hindlimb ischemia model, transplanted fucoidan-treated MSCs showed significantly enhanced cell survival and proliferation in ischemic tissues. Functional recovery and limb salvage also remarkably improved in mice injected with fucoidan-stimulated MSCs compared with mice injected with non-stimulated MSCs. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results show that fucoidan protects MSCs from ischemia-induced cell death by modulation of apoptosis-associated proteins and cellular ROS levels through regulation of the MnSOD and Akt pathways, suggesting that fucoidan could be powerful therapeutic adjuvant for MSC-based therapy in ischemic diseases.