Qi Fu Yin ameliorates neuroinflammation through inhibiting RAGE and TLR4/NF-κB pathway in AD model rats.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the therapeutic effect of Qi Fu Yin (QFY) on Alzheimer's disease (AD) both computationally and experimentally. Network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking were conducted to identify potential targets and signaling pathways involved in QFY treating AD. Streptozotocin-induced AD rat model was used to verify important targets and predicted pathways. The components of QFY were identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results indicate that the potential targets of QFY are highly enriched for anti-inflammatory pathways. Molecular docking analysis revealed stable structures formed between QFY's active compounds, including stigmasterol, ß-sitosterol, and isorhamnetin, and the identified targets. In vivo, QFY improved cognitive memory in AD rats and reduced the mRNA expression levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), the receptor for advanced glycation end products (AGER), and the inflammatory factors interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the brains of AD rats. Furthermore, QFY effectively reduced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and inhibited NF-κB and microglia activation. In conclusion, QFY can ameliorate neuroinflammation in AD model rats, partly via the inhibition of TLR4 and RAGE/NF-κB pathway and microglia activation, thereby enhancing learning and memory in AD model rats.

Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of American Ginseng for Different Parts and Abnormal Trait Based on the Major Ginsenoside Contents and Morphological Characteristics.

The demand for American ginseng, a famous traditional medicine and high-grade healthy food, has increased dramatically over recent years. However, only the main root is popular among consumers, whereas other parts of American ginseng are rarely available in the market. In this study, the contents of 5 major ginsenosides (Re, Rc, Rg1, Rd, and Rb1) were determined through high-performance liquid chromatography. Our study showed that all these 5 major ginsenosides are found in different parts of American ginseng plants, and the total content in different parts varied significantly in the following order: fibrous root > flower > branch root > main root > leaf > stem. Interestingly, the total content in the fibrous root was approximately 2.24 times higher than that in the main root. Further research indicated that the ginsenoside content in American ginseng with abnormal characteristics (physical deformity caused by disease and discolouration) is similar to that in the normal plant. Interestingly, a positive correlation was observed between the main root diameter and total ginsenoside content, whereas a negative correlation was observed between the main root length and total ginsenoside content. Our comprehensive study revealed that all parts of American ginseng, including the main root with abnormal characteristics, possess medicinal or economic value. Therefore, our results provide feasible evidence to further explore the potential application of American ginseng.

In-depth transcriptomic analyses of LncRNA and mRNA expression in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice by Danggui-Shaoyao-San.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease with a high incidence worldwide, and with no medications currently able to prevent the progression of AD. Danggui-Shaoyao-San (DSS) is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and has been proven to be effective for memory and cognitive dysfunction, yet its precise mechanism remains to be delineated. The present study was designed to investigate the genome-wide expression profile of long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice after DSS treatment by RNA sequencing. A total of 285 differentially expressed LncRNAs and 137 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified (fold-change ≥2.0 and P < 0.05). Partial differentially expressed LncRNAs and mRNAs were selected to verify the RNA sequencing results by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). A co-expression network was established to analyze co-expressed LncRNAs and genes. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were used to evaluate the biological functions related to the differentially co-expressed LncRNAs, and the results showed that the co-expressed LncRNAs were mainly involved in AD development from distinct origins, such as APP processing, neuron migration, and synaptic transmission. Our research describes the lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles and functional networks involved in the therapeutic effect of DSS in APP/PS1 mice model. The results suggest that the therapeutic effect of DSS on AD involves the expression of LncRNAs. Our findings provide a new perspective for research on the treatment of complex diseases using traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions.

The atherosclerosis-ameliorating effects and molecular mechanisms of BuYangHuanWu decoction.

Atherosclerosis (AS) is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular disease and has a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) supplied many therapies for AS treatment for centuries. Among these treatments, BuYangHuanWu decoction (BYHWD) is a classic prescription. In this study, we analyzed the mechanisms of BYHWD in the treatment of AS by using a network pharmacology method. Our results revealed the mechanisms of BYHWD in treating AS, which is highly related to inflammation and apoptosis pathways, moreover, the genes including IL1ß, TGFB1, TNF, IL6, NFκB1 are proved to be the key pharmacological targets for the treatment of AS. Furthermore, an AS rat model was established and the rats in the treatment group received different amounts of BYHWD. Serum lipid levels (TC/TG/HDL-C/LDL-C) and tissue oxidative stress levels (SOD, GSH-Px, CAT and MDA) were ameliorated in a dose-dependent manner. The morphology of the aortic intima in the BYHWD-treated groups was improved. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis results indicated that inflammatory cytokines were suppressed and that the NF-κB signaling pathway was blocked by BYHWD. All of this evidence suggested that BYHWD is an ideal prescription for treating AS.