Subplenones A-J: Dimeric Xanthones with Antibacterial Activity from the Endophytic Fungus Subplenodomus sp. CPCC 401465.

Subplenones A-J (1-10), 10 new xanthone dimers, have been isolated and characterized from the endophytic fungus Subplenodomus sp. CPCC 401465, which resides within the Chinese medicinal plant Gentiana straminea. The isolation process was guided by antibacterial assays and molecular-networking-based analyses. The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated through the interpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS) data. Furthermore, the relative configuration of the compounds was determined using NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses, and the absolute configuration was established using electronic circular dichroism calculations. All of the isolated compounds exhibited significant inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Notably, compounds 1, 5, and 7 displayed remarkable inhibitory activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 700698, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.25 µg/mL, and against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) ATCC 700221, with MIC values ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 µg/mL.

Pangenome analysis of the genus Herbiconiux and proposal of four new species associated with Chinese medicinal plants.

Five Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-motile actinobacterial strains designated as CPCC 205763T, CPCC 203386T, CPCC 205716T, CPCC 203406T, and CPCC 203407 were obtained from different ecosystems associated with four kinds of Chinese traditional medicinal plants. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of these five strains showed closely related to members of the genus Herbiconiux of the family Microbacteriaceae, with the highest similarities of 97.4-99.7% to the four validly named species of Herbiconiux. In the phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and the core genome, these isolates clustered into the clade of the genus Herbiconiux within the lineage of the family Microbacteriaceae. The overall genome relatedness indexes (values of ANI and dDDH) and the phenotypic properties (morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics) of these isolates, readily supported to affiliate them to the genus Herbiconiux, representing four novel species, with the isolates CPCC 203406T and CPCC 203407 being classified in the same species. For which the names Herbiconiux aconitum sp. nov. (type strain CPCC 205763T = I19A-01430T = CGMCC 1.60067T), Herbiconiux daphne sp. nov. (type strain CPCC 203386T = I10A-01569T = DSM 24546T = KCTC 19839T), Herbiconiux gentiana sp. nov. (type strain CPCC 205716T = I21A-01427T = CGMCC 1.60064T), and Herbiconiux oxytropis sp. nov. (type strain CPCC 203406T = I10A-02268T = DSM 24549T = KCTC 19840T) were proposed, respectively. In the genomes of these five strains, the putative encoding genes for amidase, endoglucanase, phosphatase, and superoxidative dismutase were retrieved, which were classified as biosynthetic genes/gene-clusters regarding plant growth-promotion (PGP) functions. The positive results from IAA-producing, cellulose-degrading and anti-oxidation experiments further approved their potential PGP bio-functions. Pangenome analysis of the genus Herbiconiux supported the polyphasic taxonomy results and confirmed their bio-function potential.

Corrigendum: Pangenome analysis of the genus Herbiconiux and proposal of four new species associated with Chinese medicinal plants.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1119226.].

Characterization of three Stenotrophomonas strains isolated from different ecosystems and proposal of Stenotrophomonas mori sp. nov. and Stenotrophomonas lacuserhaii sp. nov.

Stenotrophomonas spp. have primarily been reported as non-pathogenic, plant-probiotic bacteria, despite the presence of some opportunistic human pathogens in the genus. Here, three Gram-stain negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria, designated as strains CPCC 101365T, CPCC 101269T, and CPCC 101426 were isolated from surface-sterilized medicinal plant roots of a mulberry plant in Chuxiong of the Yunnan Province, freshwater from Erhai Lake in the Yunnan Province, and sandy soils in the Badain Jaran desert in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis of these isolates in comparison with sequences from the GenBank database indicated that they belong to the genus Stenotrophomonas, with nucleotide similarities of 96.52-99.92% to identified Stenotrophomonas members. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and genome sequences confirmed that the isolates are members of the genus Stenotrophomonas. Values for genomic average nucleotide identity (ANI; <95%) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH; < 70%) indicated that strains CPCC 101365T and CPCC 101269T were well-differentiated from validly described Stenotrophomonas species, while strain CPCC 101426 shared high ANI (97.7%) and dDDH (78.3%) identity with its closest phylogenetic neighbor, Stenotrophomonas koreensis JCM 13256T. The three genomes were approximately 3.1-4.0 Mbp in size and their G + C content ranged in 66.2-70.2%, with values slightly differing between CPCC 101365T (3.4 Mbp; 70.2%), CPCC 101269T (4.0 Mbp; 66.4%), and CPCC 101426 (3.1 Mbp; 66.2%). Genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and siderophores were identified in the genomes of the three isolates, suggesting that these strains might serve roles as plant-growth promoting microorganisms. The polar lipid fractions of the three isolates primarily comprised diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The predominant cellular fatty acid was iso-C15: 0, with moderate amounts of antesio-C15: 0, iso-C11: 0, iso C17: 1 É·9c/C16: 0 10-methyl, iso-C14: 0, and C16: 1 É·7c/C16: 1 É·6c. These results indicated that polyphasic characteristics of strains CPCC 101365T and CPCC 101269T differed from other identified Stenotrophomonas species and that strain CPCC 101426 was affiliated with the species Stenotrophomonas koreensis. Accordingly, two novel species of the genus Stenotrophomonas were consequently proposed, corresponding to Stenotrophomonas mori sp. nov. (type strain CPCC 101365T = DY006T = KCTC 82900T) and Stenotrophomonas lacuserhaii sp. nov. (type strain CPCC 101269T = K32T = KCTC 82901T). Highlights: Members of the genus Stenotrophomonas, and particularly Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, are opportunistic human pathogens, but not enough research has evaluated the identification of environmental Stenotrophomonas spp. However, most Stenotrophomonas spp. serves as plant-probiotic bacteria.In this study, we obtained and characterized three Stenotrophomonas strains from different ecosystems. Based on phenotypic differences, chemotaxonomic properties, ANI and dDDH identity values, and phylogenetic analyses, two novel Stenotrophomonas species are proposed for the strains identified here. The encoding genes related to plant-growth promotion in the genomes of the newly recovered Stenotrophomonas spp. were retrieved. Follow-on experiments confirmed that these strains produced the important plant hormone IAA. Thus, these Stenotrophomonas spp. could considerably contribute to shaping and maintaining ecological stability in plant-associated environments, particularly while acting as plant-probiotic microorganisms.

Anthraquinone analogues with inhibitory activities against influenza a virus from Polygonatum odoratum.

Three anthraquinone analogues (1-3) were isolated by phytochemical work on EtOAc-soluble ingredients extracted from the roots of Polygonatum odoratum. The structures of all isolates were elucidated by NMR, MS and CD experiments, of which 1 (polygodoquinone A) was identified as a new anthraquinone derivative. Specifically, 1 represents an unusual structure composed of a naphthoquinone derivative linked to an anthraquinone via a C-C bond. 1-3 exhibited remarkable influenza A virus inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 11.4, 11.0, and 2.3 µM, respectively, which were better than ribavirin as the positive control.

New butyrolactone derivatives from the endophytic Fungus Talaromyces sp. CPCC 400783 of Reynoutria japonica Houtt.

Six new butyrolactone derivatives (1, 2a/2b, 3a/3b and 4), together with another two known derivatives (5 and 6) were isolated from the endophytic fungus Talaromyces sp. CPCC 400783. Their structures were established by a combination of spectroscopic analysis, including NMR and HRESIMS. The absolute configurations were elucidated by ECD experiments. Subsequently, compound 1, 3b, 4 and 5 exhibited good inhibitory effect against influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus with IC50 values of 21.93 ± 1.51, 21.54 ± 3.75, 18.36 ± 2.15 and 23.80 ± 3.05 µM respectively.

Anemarrhena asphodeloides modulates gut microbiota and restores pancreatic function in diabetic rats.

Anemarrhena asphodeloides is an herb widely used to treat symptoms associated with diabetes in traditional Chinese medicine. However, its key components and metabolites have low bioavailability and poor host absorption. To clarify the anti-diabetic mechanism of A. asphodeloides extract (AAE), we examined the anti-diabetic effects of AAE in rats with diabetes induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. Faeces levels of the main components and metabolites of AAE were significantly higher than levels in plasma, which indicated that gut microbiota might play important roles in its anti-diabetic effect. Microbiological studies showed that unabsorbed components increased the diversity of the gut microbiota, enriched potentially beneficial bacteria, and suppressed potentially harmful bacteria. In vitro studies showed that AAE promoted the proliferation of Blautia coccoides, a bacterium with positive implication for diabetes, in a dose-dependent manner. AAE also promoted pancreatic cell regeneration and restored the function of pancreatic islet cells via peroxiredoxin 4 overexpression. Overall, these results suggest that AAE alleviates diabetes via modulating gut microbiota and protein expression.

Assessment of Cultural Competence Among Nurses: The Need Of Hour.

Cultural competence and skills are the major part of professionalism a nurse should achieve to provide the best quality health care without hurting the culturally sensitive issues in all aspects. This review focused on the assessment of cultural competence and skills among nursing professionals. Assessment of these skills is very much necessary for accountability as well as improving the capability among the nurses or nursing professionals. Many tools are developed across the world including many region-specific. These tools can be employed for the self-assessment to know the self-competency and to assess the effectiveness of training programs among the professionals.

Steroidal glycosides, homoisoflavanones and cinnamic acid derivatives from Polygonatum odoratum and their inhibitory effects against influenza A virus.

A phytochemical investigation of Polygonatum odoratum roots led to the isolation of fifteen steroidal glycosides (1-15), three homoisoflavanones (16-18) and four cinnamic acid derivatives (19-22). The structures of all isolated compounds were established mainly by spectroscopic analyses as well as necessary chemical evidence, of which 1-8 (polygodorasides A-G) were identified as new steroidal glycosides. Among the isolates, compounds 7 and 17 showed remarkable in vitro inhibitory effects against influenza A virus with IC50 values of 14.30 and 49.70 µM (positive control ribavirin 28.4 µM).

Liupao tea extract alleviates diabetes mellitus and modulates gut microbiota in rats induced by streptozotocin and high-fat, high-sugar diet.

Liupao tea, a popular dark tea, exhibited anti-diabetic activity in Chinese tea culture. However, the bioavailability of the main active components is low. Therefore, the relationship between the anti-diabetic activity and the modulation of gut microbiota was investigated in this study for the first time. Liupao tea extract (LTE) could significantly alleviate hyperglycemia, insulin-resistance, and plasma lipid profiles. The hypoglycemic effect of high-dose LTE was comparable to that of metformin. Importantly, LTE exhibited beneficial effect on modulating the diabetic-induced disorder of gut microbiota, such as increasing Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio and up-regulating putative short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, including Prevotella and Bacteroides. Moreover, 29 key phylotypes were significantly correlated with at least one diabetic index. In conclusion, LTE could be developed into an anti-diabetic functional beverage and its beneficial effects is likely to be associated with the prebiotic effects for increasing the level of SCFAs and the relative abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria.

Design, synthesis, and bioevaluation of a novel class of (E)-4-oxo-crotonamide derivatives as potent antituberculosis agents.

A series of novel (E)-4-oxo-2-crotonamide derivatives were designed and synthesized to find potent antituberculosis agents. All the target compounds were evaluated for their in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv(MTB). Results reveal that 4-phenyl moiety at part A and short methyl group at part C were found to be favorable. Most of the derivatives displayed promising activity against MTB with MIC ranging from 0.125 to 4 µg/mL. Especially, compound IIIa16 was found to have the best activity with MIC of 0.125 µg/mL against MTB and with MIC in the range of 0.05-0.48 µg/mL against drug-resistant clinical MTB isolates.

Glycomyces paridis sp. nov., isolated from the medicinal plant Paris polyphylla.

Three actinomycete strains originating from the surface-sterilized roots of Paris polyphylla were characterized by using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that they formed a deep, monophyletic branch in the genus Glycomyces, and were most closely related to the type strains of the species Glycomyces harbinensis and Glycomycesscopariae. Morphological and chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of strains CPCC 204357T, CPCC 204354 and CPCC 204355 to the genus Glycomyces. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed phenotypic differentiation of strains CPCC 204357T, CPCC 204354 and CPCC 204355 from their closest phylogenetic related species in the genus Glycomyces. Low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness with its closest type strains of G. harbinensis and G. scopariaeindicated that strain CPCC 204357T represent a novel species, for which the name Glycomyces paridis sp. nov. is proposed, with CPCC 204357T (=DSM 102295T=KCTC 39745T) as the type strain.

C21 steroid derivatives from the Dai herbal medicine Dai-Bai-Jie, the dried roots of Marsdenia tenacissima, and their screening for anti-HIV activity.

Twenty-three new C21 steroidal glycosides, marstenacissides C1-C10 (1-10), D1-D7 (11-17) and E1-E6 (18-23), and four new C21 steroids, 11α,12ß-O-ditigloyl-tenacigenin C (24), 11α-O-benzoyl-12ß-O-tigloyl-tenacigenin C (25), 11α-O-tigloyl-12ß-O-benzoyl-tenacigenin C (26) and 11α-O-tigloyl-12ß-O-benzoyl-marsdenin (27), were isolated from the Dai herbal medicine Dai-Bai-Jie, derived from the roots of Marsdenia tenacissima. The chemical structures of all compounds were established by spectroscopic techniques, including high-resolution mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, as well as by comparison with reported spectral data. The anti-HIV activities of these compounds were screened, and the compounds obtained displayed inhibitory effects against HIV-1 with inhibition rates of 36.4-81.3% at 30 µM.

Allobranchiibius huperziae gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of Dermacoccaceae isolated from the root of a medicinal plant Huperzia serrata (Thunb.).

A Gram-stain-positive, non-spore-forming actinobacterial strain, designated CPCC 204077T, was isolated from the surface-sterilized root of a medicinal plant Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) collected from Sichuan Province, south-west China. The peptidoglycan type of strain CPCC 204077T was detected as A4α with an l-Lys-l-Ser-d-Asp interpeptide bridge. Galactose, glucose, rhamnose and ribose were the sugar compositions in the whole-cell hydrolysates. MK-8(H4) was the only menaquinone. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, one unidentified phospholipid and one unidentified glycolipid. The major fatty acid was iso-C16 : 0. The genomic DNA G+C content was 71.0 mol%. The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain CPCC 204077T stood for a distinct lineage within the family Dermacoccaceaealongside the genera Branchiibius, Demetria and Barrientosiimonas, with the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Branchiibius hedensis Mer 29717T (95.0 %), Calidifontibacter indicus PC IW02T (95.0 %), Barrientosiimonas humi 39T (94.9 %) and Demetria terragena HKI 0089T (94.7 %), and less than 94.7 % sequence similarities to all other species. Signature nucleotides in the 16S rRNA sequence showed that the strain contained the Dermacoccaceaefamily-specific 16S rRNA signature nucleotides and a genus-specific diagnostic nucleotide signature pattern. Combining the genotypic and phenotypic analyses, we propose that strain CPCC 204077T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Dermacoccaceae with the name Allobranchiibius huperziae gen. nov., sp. nov. Strain CPCC 204077T (=NBRC 110719T=DSM 29531T) is the type strain of the type species.

[A new benzamide derivative from rice fermentation of Streptomyces sp. CPCC 202950].

Eight compounds were isolated from the rice fermentation of Streptomyces sp. CPCC 202950 by a combination of various chromatographic techniques including column chromatography over silica, Sephadex LH-20, flash C18, and reversed-phase HPLC. Their structures were identified as 3-[(3'-amino-3'-oxoprop-1'-en-2'-yl)oxy]benzamide (1), m-hydroxybenzamide (2), leptosphaepin (3), 5-methyluracil (4), feruloylamide (5), p-hydroxyphenylacetoamide (6), vanillamide (7), cyclo (L-val-L-ala) (8). Among them, 1 was a new benzamide analogue, and 2 was a new natural product. In the preliminary assays, none of the compounds 1-8 exhibited obvious inhibition of HIV-1 protease activity, and toxic with the Hela, HepG2, and U2OS cells. (IC50 > 10 µmol•L⁻¹).

Naumannella huperziae sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from Huperzia serrata (Thunb.).

An endophytic, short rod-shaped, non-motile and non-spore-forming actinobacterium, designated strain CPCC 204135T, was isolated from a surface-sterilized medicinal plant, Huperzia serrata (Thunb.), collected from Sichuan Province, south-west China. Strain CPCC 204135T was observed to grow at temperatures between 20 and 37 °C (optimum, 28-32 °C), at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.0) and in the presence of 0-9.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0-3 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain CPCC 204135T belonged to the genus Naumannella, showing the highest level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Naumannella halotolerans DSM 24323T (97.2 %), the only species of the genus Naumannella in the family Propionibacteriaceaewith avalidly published name. The DNA-DNA hybridization value between strain CPCC 204135T and N. halotolerans DSM 24323T was 20.1±1.8 %, which is far below the accepted 70 % threshold for species delineation. The cell-wall hydrolysates contained ll-diaminopimelic acid, alanine, glycine and glutamic acid, with the peptidoglycan type of A3γ. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phospholipid, one unidentified aminolipid, one unidentified polar lipid and several kinds of glycolipids were detected in the polar lipids profile. MK-9(H4) was identified as the predominant menaquinone. The major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain CPCC 204135T was determined to be 71.8 mol%. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, and phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, we concluded that strain CPCC 204135T represents a novel species of the genus Naumannella, for which the name Naumannella huperziae sp. nov. is proposed, with strain CPCC 204135T (=DSM 101717T=NBRC 111773T) as the type strain.

Polyoxypregnane Glycosides from the Roots of Marsdenia tenacissima and Their Anti-HIV Activities.

A continuous phytochemical study on the roots of Marsdenia tenacissima led to the isolation and identification of 13 new polyoxypregnane glycosides named marstenacissides B10-B17 (1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, and 14) and marstenacissides A8-A12 (3, 9, 10, 13, and 15) in addition to two known polyoxypregnane glycosides marsdenosides M and L (5 and 6). Their structures were established by spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with the reported data in the literature. Moreover, the anti-HIV activities of these isolates and the previous isolated marstenacissides A1-A7 and B1-B9 were assessed, some of which exhibited slight or negligible effects against HIV-1.

Paenibacillus eucommiae sp. nov., isolated from a traditional Chinese medicinal herbal plant, Eucommia ulmoides Oliver.

The taxonomic status of a novel bacterium, designated strain CPCC 100226T, isolated from a traditional Chinese medicinal herbal plant, Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, was characterized by using a polyphasic approach. The aerobic isolate formed pale white colonies on tryptic soy agar. Cells were Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, motile and endospore-forming. Chemotaxonomic investigations revealed the presence of meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid, MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids, and the strain had a phospholipid pattern of phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and unidentified aminophospholipids. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the isolate was closely related to Paenibacillus aestuarii DSM 23861T with 95.1 % similarity. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 47.9 mol%. On the basis of the genotypic and phenotypic data, the isolate is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus. The name proposed for this taxon is Paenibacillus eucommiae sp. nov. with CPCC 100226T (=DSM 26048T=KCTC 33054T) as the type strain.

Jatrophihabitans huperziae sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from surface-sterilized tissue of the medicinal plant Huperzia serrata (Thunb.).

A novel endophytic actinobacterium, designated strain CPCC 204076T, was isolated from surface-sterilized tissue of the medicinal plant Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) collected from Sichuan Province, south-west China. The taxonomic position of the isolate was investigated by a polyphasic approach. The strainwas aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped. Growth was observed at 10-37 °C, at pH 5.0-10.0 and with 0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The polar lipid fraction consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, a phospholipid, an aminolipid, a glycolipid, an aminophospholipid and phosphatidylinositol. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid and the peptidoglycan was of type A4γ. The menaquinone system consisted of MK-9(H4) and MK-8(H4). The major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain CPCC 204076T was found to be 71.9 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that CPCC 204076T belongs to the genus Jatrophihabitans with highest sequence similarity to Jatrophihabitans endophyticus DSM 45627T (96.5 %), Jatrophihabitans soli DSM 45908T (96.5 %) and Jatrophihabitans fulvus JCM 30448T (96.1 %), and much lower similarities (<95.0 %) to other available 16S rRNA gene sequences from validly described pure cultures. However, DNA-DNA hybridyzation values between strain CPCC 204076T and the three recognized Jatrophihabitans species were 31±3.1 % (J. endophyticus DSM 45627T), 33±2.9 % (J. soli DSM 45908T) and 37±1.7 % (J. fulvus JCM 30448T), which were all far below the recommended cut-off value of 70 %. The phenotypic and genomic characteristics distinctly indicated that strain CPCC 204076T represents a novel species of the genus Jatrophihabitans, for which the name Jatrophihabitans huperziae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CPCC 204076T (I13A-01604) (=DSM 46866T=NBRC 110718T).

Steroidal Saponins from the Rhizomes of Aspidistra typica.

Eleven new furostanol saponins, typaspidosides B-L (1-11), one new spirostanol saponin, typaspidoside M (12), and five known spirostanol saponins, 25S-atropuroside (13), neoaspidistrin (14), (25S)-pratioside D1 (15), 25S-aspidistrin (16) and 25S-neosibiricoside (17) were isolated from the rhizomes of Aspidistra typica Baill. The structures of the new compounds were established using 1D and 2D NMR (1H-1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC and ROESY) spectroscopy, high resolution mass spectrometry, and chemical methods. The aglycones of 1-3 (unusual furostanol saponins with opened E ring type), 9 and 10 (the methoxyl substituent at C-23 position) were found, identified from natural products for the first time. Moreover, the anti-HIV activities of the isolated steroidal glycosides were assessed, and compounds 13, 14, 16 and 17 exhibited high active against HIV-1.