Polyacetylenes from Codonopsis lanceolata Root Induced Apoptosis of Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells and Improved Lung Dysbiosis.

Codonopsis lanceolata is a perennial smelly herbaceous plant and widely employed for the treatment of various lung cancer and inflammation. However, the anticancer substances in C. lanceolata and their underlying mechanisms had not been well clarified. In this study, six compounds were obtained from the water extracts of C. lanceolata polyacetylenes (CLP) and then identified as syringin, codonopilodiynoside A, lobetyol, isolariciresinol, lobetyolin, and atractylenolide III. Treatment with CLP remarkably suppressed the cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of A549 cells. Synergistic effects of lobetyolin and lobetyol were equivalent to the antiproliferative activities of CLP, while other compounds did not have any inhibition on the viabilities of A549 cells. CLP also reduced the expression of Ras, PI3K, p-AKT, Bcl-2, cyclin D1, and CDK4 but increased the expression of Bax, GSK-3ß, clv-caspase-3, and clv-caspase-9, which could be reversed by the PI3K activator 740YP. Furthermore, CLP retarded the growths of tumor and lung pathogenic bacteria in mice. It demonstrated that lobetyolin and lobetyol were the main antitumor compounds in C. lanceolata. CLP induced cell apoptosis of lung cancer cells via inactivation of the Ras/PI3K/AKT pathway and ameliorated lung dysbiosis, suggesting the therapeutic potentials for treating human lung cancer.

1ß-Hydroxyalantolactone from Inulae Flos alleviated the progression of pulmonary fibrosis via inhibiting JNK/FOXO1/NF-κB pathway.

Inulae Flos was widely distributed throughout Europe, Africa, and Asia, and was commonly used as a folk medicine in clinic for treating various respiratory diseases, including cough, asthma, bronchitis, pulmonary fibrosis, and pneumonia. However, the ingredients responsible for the pharmacology effects of I. Flos and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the effects of 16 known sesquiterpene lactones and flavonoids from I. Flos on TGF-ß1-induced fibroblast activation were assessed by phenotypic high-content screening. Among those sixteen compounds, 1ß-hydroxy alantolactone (HAL), the main characteristic sesquiterpene lactone from I. Flos, exhibited remarkable inhibitory activity. The further studies showed that HAL significantly inhibited the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of human fibroblast cell lines HELF and MRC-5 in a concentration-dependent manner. It also reduced intracellular ROS production, suppressed the mRNA expressions of E-cad, TGF-ß1, Smad3, Col I, α-SMA and TNF-α, and downregulated protein expressions of α-SMA and F-actin. Furthermore, HAL significantly reduced the levels of HA, LN, PC-III and IV-C in serum, TNF-α and IL-6 in BALF, and TGF-ß1, HYP and Col I in lung tissues of bleomycin (BLM)-treated rats. HAL significantly downregulated the expressions of p-JNK, FOXO1, p-p65, α-SMA, p-smad3 and Col I but upregulated p-FOXO1, which could be reversed by JNK agonist anisomycin. These results demonstrated that HAL induced the apoptosis of lung fibroblast cells activated by TGF-ß1 and improved BLM-induced lung fibrosis in rats via inhibiting JNK/FOXO1/NF-κB pathway.

Herbal Active Ingredients: Potential for the Prevention and Treatment of Acute Lung Injury.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening clinical syndrome with high morbidity and mortality. The main pathological features of ALI are increased alveolar-capillary membrane permeability, edema, uncontrolled migration of neutrophils to the lungs, and diffuse alveolar damage, resulting in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Glucocorticoids, aspirin, and other anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used to treat ALI. Respiratory supports, such as a ventilator, are used to alleviate hypoxemia. Many treatment methods are available, but they cannot significantly ameliorate the quality of life of patients with ALI and reduce mortality rates. Herbal active ingredients, such as flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, and quinonoids, exhibit advantages for ALI prevention and treatment, but the underlying mechanism needs further study. This paper summarizes the role of herbal active ingredients in anti-ALI therapy and progresses in the understanding of their mechanisms. The work also provides some references and insights for the discovery and development of novel drugs for ALI prevention and treatment.

Isofraxidin ameliorated influenza viral inflammation in rodents via inhibiting platelet aggregation.

Platelets have been proved to exacerbate influenza infection and its complications. Inhibition of platelet activation may be a feasible method for preventing severe infection and secondary acute lung injury (ALI). Isofraxidin (IFD) is a natural coumarin isolated from the plants Sarcandra glabra and Siberian ginseng, and exerts anticancer, antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects. In the present study, we examined the therapeutic effects of IFD in ADP- or arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation model and in influenza A virus (IAV)-induced ALI mouse model. The results showed that IFD significantly inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP and AA in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner as well as the release of soluble P-selectin and platelet factor 4. Moreover, IFD significantly relieved IAV-induced lung inflammation, reduced the expressions of platelet activation biomarkers (P-selectin and CD61), decreased the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 and MIP-2, suppressed peripheral platelet aggregation and prolonged the survival time of infected mice. The western blotting results also demonstrated that IFD reduced the phosphorylation levels of PI3K, AKT and p38 in the activated platelets stimulated by ADP and IAV infection. But IFD did not have any effects on IAV replication. It indicated that IFD ameliorated IAV-induced severe lung damage and lethal infection by suppressing platelet aggregation via regulating PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways.

[Electroacupuncture at "Jiaji" (EX-B2) induced down-regulation of OX-42 and P2X4 in lumbar spinal cord contributes to its analgesic after-effect in rats with chronic constriction injury].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Jiaji" (EX-B2) at different time points on the expression of OX-42 (a monoclonal antibody with specific expression of complement receptor-3 in spinal microglial cells) and purinergic receptor P2X4 (P2X4) in rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve, as well as the possible after-effect mechanism of EA analgesia in neuropathic pain. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into blank group, model group, immediately after EA group, 0.5-hour after EA group, 1-hour after EA group, 2-hour after EA group, 4-hour after EA group, 12-hour after EA group, and 24-hour after EA group, with 6 rats in each group. The rats in the model group and the EA groups were used to establish a model of CCI-induced neuropathic pain, and those in the immediately after EA group and the 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 12 and 24 hours after EA groups were treated with EA at bilateral L3 and L5 "Jiaji" points for 20 min after 7 d of modeling. Samples were collected immediately and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 12, and 24 hours after EA, and for the rats in the blank group and the model group, samples were collected after fixation the rats for 20 min. Heat pain threshold was observed before and after intervention, and immunohistochemistry was used to measure the protein expression of OX-42 and P2X4 in the spinal cord lumbar enlargement. RESULTS: After 7 days of modeling (before intervention), compared with the blank group, the heat pain threshold had a significant reduction in the model group and the EA groups (P<0.01). Compared with the model group after intervention, the immediately after EA group and the 0.5, 1 and 2 hours after EA groups had a significant increase in heat pain threshold (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, immediately after EA, the 0.5, 1 and 2 hours after EA groups had a significant reduction in the protein expression of OX-42 (P<0.01), and immediately after EA, the 0.5 and 1 hour after EA groups had a significant reduction in the protein expression of P2X4 (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: EA at "Jiaji" points can significantly increase heat pain threshold and down-regulate the protein expression of OX-42 and P2X4 in the spinal cord of CCI rats. The analgesic effect can last for 2 h.

Moslea Herba flavonoids alleviated influenza A virus-induced pulmonary endothelial barrier disruption via suppressing NOX4/NF-κB/MLCK pathway.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Moslae Herba, a common traditional Chinese herb with special flavor, has potential for treating respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. AIM OF THIS STUDY: Lung endothelial barrier dysfunction (LEBD) accelerates the pathogenesis of influenza A virus (IAV)-induced secondary acute lung injury. New strategies against LEBD provide benefits in prevention and treatment of IAV. Previous studies showed that flavonoids (MHF), main bioactivity fraction derived from M. Herba, exerted anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities, but the underlying protection of MHF against IAV-induced acute lung injury remained obscure. The present study was to investigate the protection of MHF against IAV-induced LEBD in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice were intranasally challenged with IAV and orally administered with MHF for 5 days. The pulmonary hyperpermeability of infected mice was evaluated by Evans Blue staining and in vivo imaging. Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and mediators were detected by ELISA assay. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVECs) was measured by using TER meter. The expressions of key proteins in NOX4-mediated NF-κB/MLCK pathways were determined by western blotting. RESULTS: MHF treatment reduced lung index, W/D ratios, and serum levels of inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1ß, PLA2, LBT4 and ICAM-1) in IAV-infected mice. Evans blue staining and in vivo imaging results revealed that MHF alleviated IAV-induced barrier dysfunction and pulmonary hyperpermeability. Moreover, luteolin and kaempferol, the main activity compounds in MHF, significantly inhibited TNF-α-induced HPMVEC apoptosis, and downregulated NF-κB/MLCK pathway by targeting NOX4. CONCLUSION: MHF attenuated IAV-induced barrier dysfunction by suppressing NOX4/NF-κB/MLCK pathway and may serve as a potential agent for the prevention of LEBD and IAV.

Herbal Active Ingredients: An Emerging Potential for the Prevention and Treatment of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common subtype of differentiated thyroid cancers in Asian coastal cities, where the patients have increased risk of potentially high or excessive iodine intake. Given the high metastasis and recurrence of patients with BRAFV600E mutation, the mortality rate of thyroid cancer has recently shown an upward trend. A variety of therapies, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, have been used to treat thyroid cancer, but these therapies still have limitations, including postoperative complications, drug resistance, poor efficacy, or serious side effects. Recent studies have shown the potential of active ingredients derived from herbal medicine in inhibiting PTC via various cell signaling pathways. Some plant-derived compounds, such as apigenin, genistein, and curcumin, are also known to prevent and treat PTC. This article summarizes the recent advances in the structure-functional impact of anti-PTC active ingredients and their effects on PTC cells and tumor microenvironments with an emphasis on their challenges from basic research to clinical practice.

Protective effects of diketopiperazines from Moslae Herba against influenza A virus-induced pulmonary inflammation via inhibition of viral replication and platelets aggregation.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Moslae Herba (MH) is broadly used as an antiviral, antipyretic and anticoagulant drug which effectively treats respiratory diseases including cough, asthma, throat, cold and flu. AIM OF THIS STUDY: The excessive inflammation of the lungs is the hallmark of severe influenza A virus (IAV) infection, while platelet aggregation and its subsequent microvascular thrombosis can exacerbate IAV-induced lung injury. Thus, inhibition of platelet aggregation can be a potential target for IAV treatment. Previous studies focus on the flavonoids from MH and their anti-inflammatory activities, but the anticoagulant compounds and potential molecular mechanism of MH remains unclear. This study was to isolate and characterize diketopiperazines (DKPs) from MH and to explore the underlying anticoagulant mechanism on IAV infection models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: EtOAc sub-extract separated from MH ethanolic extract was subjected to fractionation through column chromatography. The chemical structures of pure compounds were characterized by the spectral analysis. Antiviral activities of DKPs were assayed in IAV-infected Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and mice. Anticoagulant effects of DKPs were investigated on adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)-induced acute pulmonary embolism and IAV-induced lung injury in vivo, as well as the inhibition on platelet activating factor (PAF), arachidonic acid (AA) and ADP-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. The serum levels of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 6-keto-PGF1α were detected by ELISA. The expressions of key proteins in CD41-mediated PI3K/AKT pathways were determined by western blotting analysis. RESULTS: Six DKPs were, for the first time, isolated from MH and identified as cyclo(Tyr-Leu) (1), cyclo(Phe-Phe) (2), cyclo(Phe-Tyr) (3), cyclo(Ala-Ile) (4), cyclo(Ala-Leu) (5) and Bz-Phe-Phe-OMe (6). Among these DKPs, cyclo(Ala-Ile) and Bz-Phe-Phe-OMe possessed low cytotoxicities and significant inhibition against cytopathic effects induced by IAV (H1N1 and H3N2) replication in MDCK cells. Furthermore, cyclo(Ala-Ile) and Bz-Phe-Phe-OMe significantly alleviated IAV-induced platelet activation and lung inflammation in mice. They could reduce the expression of CD41 and the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT in PLTs of IAV-infected mice. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that cyclo(Ala-Ile) and Bz-Phe-Phe-OMe isolated from MH have antiviral and anticoagulant effects against IAV-induced PLT aggregation and lung inflammation via regulating CD41/PI3K/AKT pathway, and could be used as the potential agents for IAV treatment.

Mosla scabra flavonoids ameliorate the influenza A virus-induced lung injury and water transport abnormality via the inhibition of PRR and AQP signaling pathways in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACROLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Mosla scabra (Thunb.) C.Y. Wu and H.W. Li has been used as a traditional medicinal herb for centuries in East Asian countries. It has antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. In folk medicine, it is used as a remedy for the treatment of pulmonary diseases, such as fever, cold, cough, pulmonary edema and emphysema. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study was to investigate the protective mechanism of total flavonoids from M. scabra (MF) in influenza A virus (IAV)-infected mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mice were infected with IAV and then were treated daily with MF for five days. At the end of the experiment, the levels of inflammatory-related cytokines (IFN-α, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1ß) were determined by ELISA. Pathological changes of lung tissue were examined by H&E staining. The protein expressions of AQP5, p-p38, caspase-3 and NF-κB p65 were detected by western blot analysis while the gene expressions of key effectors in AQP5 and PRRs signaling pathways were detected by real-time Fluorescence Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RFQ-PCR) analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that treatment with MF at doses of 120-360mg/kg for five days to IAV-infected mice significantly attenuated IAV-induced pulmonary injury and decreased the serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1ß, but increased IFN-α levels. MF treatment could up-regulate the mRNA expressions of TLR-7, RIG-1, TRAF6, Bcl-2, Bax, VIPR1, PKCα and AQP5 and down-regulate caspase-3 and NF-κB p65 protein expression. CONCLUSION: Treatment with MF could significantly alleviate IAV-induced pulmonary inflammation, apoptosis and water transport abnormality, which was probably through the regulation of TLR7, RIG-1 and AQP5 signaling pathway.

Antihepatofibrotic Effects of Aqueous Extract of Prunella vulgaris on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Rats.

Prunella vulgaris has been widely used in the folk medicine of Northeastern Asian countries for the treatment of acute liver injury and infectious hepatitis. In the present study, the protective effect of aqueous extract from P. vulgaris was investigated on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in vivo. Our data showed that the administration of aqueous extract from P. vulgaris at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg significantly reduced the elevated serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, type III precollagen, and hyaluronic acid in rats with hepatic fibrosis. In addition, aqueous extract from P. vulgaris also reduced the incidence of liver lesions and the formation of fibrous septa, and remarkably decreased the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, platelet derived growth factor, interleukin-4, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Furthermore, aqueous extract from P. vulgaris significantly inhibited the activation of hepatic stellate cells by regulating the expression of α smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor ß 1, and smad2 and also decreased the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins via regulating the expressions of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, matrix metalloproteinase-2,-13. Real-time polymerase chain reaction further revealed that post-treatment with aqueous extract from P. vulgaris decreased the elevated levels of miR-34a and miR-199a-5p in hepatic fibrosis rats. These results demonstrated that aqueous extract from P. vulgaris alleviates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells, promoting collagenolysis and regulating fibrosis-related microRNAs.

Total flavonoids of Mosla scabra leaves attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via down-regulation of inflammatory signaling in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Mosla scabra (Thunb.) C.Y. Wu, belonging to the Labiatae family, is a tomentose and aromatic plant, which is widely used as an antipyretic and antiviral drug for pulmonary diseases and famous for its efficiency in treating colds, fever, pneumonia and chronic bronchitis. To investigate therapeutic effects and possible mechanism of Mosla scabra flavonoids (MF) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice were orally administrated with MF once (30 mg/kg or 90 mg/kg) 1 h before LPS challenge. Lung specimens and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were isolated for histopathological examinations and biochemical analyses 6 h after LPS challenge. RESULTS: Pretreatment with MF could decrease significantly lung wet-to-dry weight (W/D) ratio, lower myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and total protein concentrations in the BALF, reduce serum levels of NO, TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6 in ALI model. Additionally, MF attenuated lung histopathological changes and significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and translocation of NF-κB p65. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed MF significantly attenuate LPS-induced acute lung injury and production of inflammatory mediators via inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB activation, indicating it as a potential therapeutic agent for ALI.