Dietary fat may modulate adipose tissue homeostasis through the processes of autophagy and apoptosis.

PURPOSE: Obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancer development. Autophagy and apoptosis are critical processes for development and homeostasis in multicellular organisms and have been linked to a variety of disorders. We aimed to investigate whether the quantity and quality of dietary fat can influence these processes in the adipose tissue of obese people. METHODS: A randomized, controlled trial within the LIPGENE study assigned 39 obese people with metabolic syndrome to 1 of 4 diets: (a) a high-saturated fatty acid diet, (b) a high-monounsaturated fatty acid (HMUFA) diet, and (c, d) two low-fat, high-complex carbohydrate diets supplemented with long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LFHCC n-3) or placebo (LFHCC), for 12 weeks each. RESULTS: We found an increase in the expression of autophagy-related BECN1 and ATG7 genes after the long-term consumption of the HMUFA diet (p = 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively) and an increase in the expression of the apoptosis-related CASP3 gene after the long-term consumption of the LFHCC and LFHCC n-3 diets (p = 0.001 and p = 0.029, respectively). CASP3 and CASP7 gene expression changes correlated with HOMA index. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the processes of autophagy and apoptosis in adipose tissue may be modified by diet and that the consumption of a diet rich in monounsaturated fat may contribute to adipose tissue homeostasis by increasing autophagy. They also reinforce the notion that apoptosis in adipose tissue is linked to insulin resistance. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00429195.

Consumption of diets with different type of fat influences triacylglycerols-rich lipoproteins particle number and size during the postprandial state.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Previous evidence suggests that dietary fat could influence the composition and size of triacylglycerols-rich lipoproteins (TRL). In a controlled intervention study on healthy subjects, we evaluated the influence of 3 dietary interventions, with different types of fat on postprandial TRL particle size and number. METHODS AND RESULTS: Volunteers followed three different diets for four weeks each, according to a randomized crossover design. Western diet: 15% protein, 47% carbohydrates (CHO), 38% fat (22% saturated fatty acid (SFA)); Mediterranean diet: 15% protein, 47% CHO, 38% fat (24% monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)); high CHO enriched with ALNA diet: 15% protein, 55% CHO, <30% fat (8% polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)). After a 12-h fast, volunteers consumed a breakfast with 1g fat and 7 mg cholesterol per kg body weight and a fat composition similar to that consumed in each of the diets: Butter meal: 35% SFA; Olive oil meal: 36% MUFA; Walnut meal: 16% PUFA, 4% α-linolenic acid. Tryglicerides (TG) in TRL (large and small TRL) were determined by ultracentrifugation and size and number of lipoprotein particles were measured with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at different time points. The olive oil meal reduced the number of total TRL postprandial particles compared with the other meals (P=0.002). Moreover, the olive oil meal also increased the TRL particle size compared with the walnut meal (P=0.001). CONCLUSION: Our data showed that short-term intake of the Mediterranean diet and the acute intake of an olive oil meal lead to the formation of a reduced number and higher-size TRL particle compared with other fat sources. These novel findings have implications for understanding the postprandial lipoprotein mechanisms, and could favour the lower cardiovascular risk in Mediterranean countries.