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Saponins are the main active components in Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. (PG), Panax quinquefolius L. (PQ), and Panax japonicus C. A. Mey. (PJ), which belong to the genus Panax in the Araliaceae family. Because the chemical components in the three species are similar, they are often mixed and misused in functional foods and pharmaceuticals applications. Therefore, it is urgent to establish a method to quickly distinguish among PG, PQ, and PJ. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was combined with data postprocessing to identify the main characteristic fragments (CFs) and the related neutral losses (NLs) of protopanaxadiol (PPD), protopanaxatriol (PPT), oleanolic acid (OLE), and ocotillol- (OCO-) type saponins. By comparing the mass spectral data, it was possible to rapidly classify and identify saponins in PG, PQ, and PJ. A total of twenty-three chemical components were identified in the PG samples, twenty-three components were identified in the PQ samples, and twenty-seven components were identified in the PJ samples. Among them, OCO-type saponins were characteristic of PQ and PJ. Ginsenoside Rf, which was absent from PQ, allowed for differentiation between PQ and PJ. The CFs and NLs in the mass spectra of the characteristic components of PG, PQ, and PJ allowed for the rapid classification and identification of these species. Additionally, these results provide technical support for the quality evaluation of Chinese herbal medicine and for constructing a scientific regulatory system.
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Objective To evaluate the applicability of small molecular markers of nephrotoxicity that in prediction of drug toxicity.Method Extracts of five kinds of traditional Chinese medicines (Tripterygium wilfordii,Strychni semen,Aristolochiafangchi,Rhei Radix et Rhizoma,and Xanthium sibiricum) that had known as nephrotoxicity were ig given to rats to establish renal injury models,and the blood samples were collected after administration for 1 and 7 d.Then blood samples were analyzed by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS for five kinds of small molecule biomarkers-thymidine,lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC 16:1),LPC (18:4),LPC (20:5),and LPC (22:5).The support vector machine (SVM) prediction model was established to determine the toxicity.The levels of Cr and BUN in serum were determined by automatic biochemical analyzer.The rats in each group were sacrificed after blood collection,and the kidneys were taken for HE staining.Result No toxicity was observed in the control group,and the biochemical test results showed no renal injury after mentioned five kinds Chinese herbs were given for 1 d,while SVM model of nephrotoxicity had been found abnormal.After administration for 7 d,the results of SVM model show renal toxicity,which were consistent with biochemical and pathological examination.Conclusion Metabonomics combined with the earlier established SVM model enabled prediction of drug nephrotoxicity more sensitively,quickly and \ccurately,and it is of great significance for the discovery of drug toxicity as well as the prevention and treatment of drug-induced renal injuries in clinic.
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Currently,the toxicity study of traditional Chinese medicine is faced with the following problems. Firstly,the evaluation in vitro cannot fully reflect the true state of the body. Secondly,the traditional method is not sensitive enough to the early toxicity. Lastly,the toxicity evaluation indexes cannot determine whether the compatibility of traditional Chinese medicine produces toxicity or increases toxicity systematically. The paper proposed a synthesized early evaluation research method for target organ toxicity induced by traditional Chinese medicine:screening,validation,optimization and application. This method mainly inoolves early target organ toxicity biomarkers in screening,optimi?zation,validation,biological significance explanation,and application to the traditional Chinese medicine incompatibility based on the metabolic dynamic fingerprint spectrum in order to obtain biomarkers of target organ toxicity that are sensitive and precede conventional biochemical indices for early evaluation . We attempted to analyze the pattern of chang of the biomarkers for animals acted by″18 incompatible medicaments″compatibility combination. We found that Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata with cardiotoxicity were compatible with Rhizoma Pinelliae,and that Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim,Fritillaria,Ampelopsis Radix and Bletilla striata without non-cardiotoxicity produced and increased cardiotoxicity systematically.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study pharmacologic actions for rheumatoid arthritis treatment and probe into the effects and mechanisms of Simiao pill on adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Wistar rats, male, were randomly divided into the normal comparison group, model group, the glucosida Tripterygii TOTA group (9.45 mg x kg(-1)), the Simiao pill low dose group (1 080 mg x kg(-1)), the Simiao pill middle dose group (2 160 mg x kg(-1)) and the Simiao pill high dose group (4 320 mg x kg(-1)). Except the normal comparison group, rats in the other groups were injected Freund's complete adjuvant reagent into the rats' right etapedes to establish the AA model. Drugs were given by intragastric administration. Then paw swelling, SOD in blood serum, the spleen and and thoracic gland index, histopathology change of malleolus joint were observed. IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha mRNA were observed by semi-quantitative reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction(sqRT-PCR).</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Simiao pill could inhibit the swelling of the rats' inflamed metapedes. Compared with the model group, each group of Simiao pill could increase SOD, decrease spleen index, advance the thoracic gland index and decrease IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha mRNA.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Simiao pill could threat AA rats and inhibit the inflammation of synovial membrane obviously. It also could relieve the degree of paw swelling, and therefore provide clinical theatment basis of RA.</p>