Added γ-oryzanol boosted anti-inflammatory effects of canola oil in adult subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the effects of daily intake of γ-oryzanol (ORZ)-fortified canola oil, as compared with plain canola and sunflower oils, on certain inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in adult subjects with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). METHODS: We randomly allocated 92 adult subjects with T2D from both sexes to one of the following groups to receive: (a) ORZ-fortified canola oil (ORZO; n1 = 30); (b) unfortified canola oil (CANO; n2 = 32); or (c) sunflower oil (SUFO; n3 = 30) for 12 weeks. Dietary and laboratory evaluations were performed initially and finally. RESULTS: Serum hs-CRP concentrations significantly decreased in ORZO group (from 3.1 ± 0.2 to 1.2 ± 0.2 mg/L), as compared with CANO (p = 0.003) and SUFO (p < 0.001) groups. Serum IL-6 significantly decreased just in ORZO (- 22.8%, p = 0.042) and CANO groups (- 19.8%, p = 0.038). However, the between-group differences were not significant. Serum IL-1ß slightly decreased in ORZO (- 28.1%, p = 0.11) and increased in SUFO (+ 20.6%, p = 0.079) but between-group difference was statistically significant (p = 0.017). Serum IFN-γ concentrations decreased significantly only in ORZO (from 3.3 ± 0.08 to 2.9 ± 0.21 IU/mL, p = 0.044). Salivary IgA concentrations increased significantly in all three intervention groups. Notwithstanding, only the difference between ORZO and CANO groups was statistically significant (p = 0.042). Similarly, circulating malondialdehyde concentrations significantly decreased in all three groups but with no between-group significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: Daily consumption of ORZ-fortified canola oil, compared with unfortified canola and sunflower oils, for 12 weeks resulted in boosting of certain anti-inflammatory effects of canola oil. These findings may have preventive implications for both clinicians and policy makers. This clinical trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (03.08.2022; NCT05271045).

Daily consumption of γ-oryzanol-fortified canola oil, compared with unfortified canola and sunflower oils, resulted in a better improvement of certain cardiometabolic biomarkers of adult subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to examine the effects of daily consumption of γ-oryzanol (ORZ)-fortified canola oil, as compared with plain canola and sunflower oils, on certain cardiometabolic indicators. METHODS: Ninety-two adult subjects from both sexes with T2D were randomly assigned to one of the three groups to receive: (a) ORZ-fortified canola oil (Group 1; n1 = 30); (b) unfortified canola oil (Group 2; n2 = 32); or (c) sunflower oil (Group 3; n3 = 30) for 12 weeks. The participants were instructed to use only the given oils for all cooking (but frying) purposes. Anthropometric, dietary and biochemical assessments were done initially and finally. RESULTS: Though body mass index (BMI) significantly decreased in all three groups, only in Groups 1 and 2 waist circumference (WC) showed a significant decrement (-2.6 ± 0.1 and -2.2 ± 0.1 cm in Groups 1 and 2 respectively, p < 0.001 for both) which was accompanied by a significant reduction of blood pressure just in Group 1. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) showed a significant decrease only in ORZ-fortified canola oil group (-7.7 ± 0.4 mg/dL, p = 0.039 and -0.7 ± 0.1%, p < 0.001, respectively). However, insulin resistance, as judged by HOMA-IR, did not change significantly. In addition, serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations decreased in all three groups but only in ORZ-fortified canola oil was this decrement statistically significant (-17.9 ± 2.1 mg/dL, p = 0.005). Other components of serum lipid profile did not change significantly in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of either sunflower or canola oils for 12 weeks improved certain studied biomarkers. However, only ORZ-fortified canola oil resulted in a significant decrease of blood pressure, WC, FBG, HbA1c and TG. These findings can help both clinicians and public health authorities for dietary recommendations to subjects with T2D and presumably the whole community. TRIAL REGISTRATION: number at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05271045).

Improvement of vitamin D status through consumption of either fortified food products or supplement pills increased hemoglobin concentration in adult subjects: Analysis of pooled data from two randomized clinical trials.

Background: It is documented that vitamin D may have a role in erythropoiesis as its deficiency is accompanied by an increased risk of anemia. Aim: This study aimed to examine whether improvement of vitamin D status through daily consumption of either fortified foods or supplements could impinge on certain hematologic parameters in adults. Methods: We pooled data from our two separate clinical trials and made five experimental groups. As part of their usual diet, one group consumed 500 mL/day of yogurt drink fortified with 1000 IU of vitamin D (D-yogurt, n = 27) whereas one group consumed 500 mL/day of the plain yogurt drink (P-yogurt, n = 27). In addition three other groups consumed either 50 g/day bread fortified with 1000 IU of vitamin D (D-bread) or supplement containing 1000 IU vitamin D (D-supplement, n = 27) or placebo (placebo, n = 27). Biochemical measurements were performed before and after the intervention. Results: In all three vitamin D-supplemented groups, serum 25(OH)D concentration increased after the intervention period, which was interestingly accompanied by a significant increment of hemoglobin (D-yogurt, p < 0.001, D-bread, p = 0.003, D-supplement, p < 0.001). Analyses indicated that among participants in vitamin D-intervention groups, being in D-yogurt group was more favourable predictor of improvement in hemoglobin concentrations compared with the placebo (p < 0.001), D-bread (p = 0.045) and P-yogurt (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Improvement of vitamin D status via regular intake of either vitamin D-fortified food products or supplements can result in a significant increment of hemoglobin in adult subjects. This finding has very important clinical as well as public health implications.

Effect of latitude on seasonal variations of vitamin D and some cardiometabolic risk factors: national food and nutrition surveillance.

BACKGROUND: Despite a remarkable reduction in the occurrence of many micronutrient deficiencies in most countries, vitamin D deficiency has remained a global problem. Age-adjusted disability-adjusted life years lost due to cardiovascular disease in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, including in the Islamic Republic of Iran, are higher than the global average. AIMS: To assess the effects of latitude and season on vitamin D status in the Iranian population and the association between vitamin D status and certain cardiometabolic risk factors. METHODS: A sample of 1111 participants aged 19-65 years was randomly selected from 6 regions with latitudes ranging from 29º.0 N to 37.5º N. All anthropometric and biochemical assessments were performed twice a year, summer and winter during 2013 to 2014. RESULTS: Overall mean 25(OH)D concentration was 26.9 [standard deviation (SD) 17.8] nmol/L in winter and 43.4 (SD 32.9 nmol/L in summer (P < 0.001). Poor vitamin D status was noticeable in both seasons (90.1% and 69.2%, respectively). Being male (B, 7.6; 95% CI: 4.3 to 10.8; P < 0.001) and living at a latitude higher than 33 ° were positive predictors, and serum 25(OH)D concentration in winter (B, -0.2; 95% CI: -2.9 to -0.11; P < 0.001) was a negative predictor of changes of 25(OH)D concentrations. CONCLUSION: We found a high prevalence of suboptimal vitamin D status in Iranian adults throughout the year, irrespective of latitude and season. Improvement of mean circulating 25(OH)D concentrations in the community to 50+ nmol/L through a fortification programme is likely to engender healthy cardiometabolic changes.

Vitamin D-fortified cooking oil is an effective way to improve vitamin D status: an institutional efficacy trial.

PURPOSE: High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) justifies a cost-effective and sustainable strategy to combat VDD in the community. This study was undertaken for the first time to evaluate the efficacy of daily consumption of vitamin D fortified sunflower oil with a meal. METHODS: This single-blind trial was conducted in two separate institutions: one as intervention (D-fortified sunflower oil) group (DO, n1 = 39) and the other as control (unfortified sunflower oil) group (SO, n2 = 33). Participants consumed their lunches cooked either with D-fortified or unfortified cooking sunflower oil (500 IU/30 g) for 12 weeks. Dietary, anthropometric and biochemical assessments were done for all participants before and after the intervention. RESULTS: A total of 65 subjects from both sexes aged 32.5 ± 4 years completed the intervention period. Serum 25(OH)D showed a significant increase in DO and a decrease in SO group (8.8 ± 9.3 vs. - 7.4 ± 6.4 ng/mL, p < 0.001). The rise in serum 25(OH)D in DO group was accompanied by a significant decrease in iPTH (DO: - 10.2 ± 29.4 vs. SO: + 9.2 ± 29.5 pg/mL; p = 0.009). A significant reduction in weight (p = 0.004), BMI (p = 0.029), waist girth (p < 0.001), serum total cholesterol (p = 0.0290) and LDL-C (p = 0.010) was observed in DO, as compared with SO group. CONCLUSIONS: Cooking oil can be considered as an efficacious vehicle for mass fortification program to combat VDD. The improvement of vitamin D status may bring about betterment of certain cardiometabolic risk factors. REGISTRATION NUMBER: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03826654.

Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation in Physical Performance of Iranian Elite Athletes.

BACKGROUND: There has been no report of the vitamin D status of the professional athletes from Iran to date. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of weekly vitamin D supplementation on athletic performance in Iranian athletes expedited to Asian competition in Taipei, China, 2015. METHODS: This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial. Seventy subjects were enrolled in the study. The athletes were randomly divided into two groups: vitamin D supplement (D; received 50,000 IU of vitamin D supplement weekly) and control (P, received a placebo weekly). Duration of the study was 8 weeks. Anthropometric, dietary, athletic performance, and biochemical evaluations were performed for all subjects in the beginning and in the end of the intervention period. RESULTS: A significant rise in circulating 25(OH)D concentration was observed in D group (17.3 ± 16.9 ng/mL, P < 0.001), whereas in P group, there was a statistically significant decrement (-3.1 ± 8.4 ng/mL, P = 0.040). There were no either within- or between-group significant differences in Ergo jump, vertical jump, and agility tests. In strength leg press tests, both groups showed a significant improvement. However, comparisons of changes revealed that the improvement in D group was significantly higher than in P group (P = 0.034). Moreover, in sprint test (one repetition-Max, 1RM), only D group had a significant within-group improvement (P = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS: Weekly supplementation with 50,000 IU vitamin D resulted in nearly 17 ng/mL increment in circulating calcidiol. This increase was associated with significant improvement of power leg press and sprint tests in D-supplemented group.

Vitamin D-Fortified Bread Is as Effective as Supplement in Improving Vitamin D Status: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

CONTEXT: Bread can potentially be a suitable vehicle for fortification with vitamin D. OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to evaluate the following: 1) the bioavailability of vitamin D from the fortified Iranian bread and 2) the possible effects of daily consumption of the fortified bread on certain health aspects. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted over 8 weeks in 90 healthy subjects aged 20-60 years. INTERVENTION: Subjects were randomly allocated to one of three groups: 1) fortified bread (FP; 50 g bread fortified with 25 µg vitamin D3 plus placebo daily; n = 30); 2) supplement (SP; 50 g plain bread plus 25 µg vitamin D supplement daily; n = 30); and 3) control (CP; 50 g plain bread plus placebo daily; n = 30). OUTCOME MEASURES: Initial and final anthropometric and biochemical assessments were performed. RESULTS: The within-group changes of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were 39.0 ± 22.6 (P < .001), 28.9 ± 31.2 (P < .001), and -9.2 ± 12.3 nmol/L in the FP, SP, and CP groups, respectively. Only in FP and SP groups, serum intact PTH concentrations decreased approximately 13.5% and 14.5%, respectively. Visceral fat also showed a significant decrement in FP (-1.05% ± 1.4%; P ≤ .001) and SP (-0.96% ± 1.7%; P = .006). Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration showed a within-group reduction in FP (-10.4 ± 11.2 mg/dL; P < .001) and an insignificant decrement in SP (-6.6 ± 20.2 mg/dL; P = .083). Serum high-density lipoprotein increased in both vitamin D-supplemented groups (FP: 9.7 ± 7.6 vs SP: 5.7 ± 6.7 mg/dL; P < .001). CONCLUSION: Vitamin D-fortified bread could be potentially effective in raising circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of the population to nearly adequate levels.

A Vitamin D-Calcium-Fortified Yogurt Drink Decreased Serum PTH but did not Affect Osteocalcin in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes.

INTRODUCTION: There is sparse evidence of the effect of vitamin D on bone biomarkers in diabetic patients, and therefore, in a randomized clinical trial, we evaluated the effects of the daily intake of vitamin D, either with or without extra calcium, on selected bone biomarkers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety women and men aged 30 - 50 years old with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into three groups in a double-blind manner. Group 1 (PD), the control group, received a plain yogurt drink. Groups 2 (DD) and 3 (CDD) received 1000 IU vitamin D3, and 1000 IU vitamin D3 plus 500 mg calcium, respectively, via drinking two 250 mL bottles a day of a fortified yogurt drink for twelve weeks. Anthropometric and biochemical assessments were made, including 25(OH), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), osteocalcin, and calcium. RESULTS: Although the time and time × group interaction effects on the bone biomarkers were not statistically significant, there was a modest decrease in iPTH concentrations in both DD and CDD groups over twelve weeks. The subgroups with initial vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency in the CDD group had greater and significant decrease in serum iPTH concentrations after twelve weeks of treatment compared to the PD group (- 9.0 ± 21.2 v.s 8.6 ± 21.8 pg/mL, p = 0.042). CONCLUSION: The improvement in vitamin D status following the daily intake of fortified doogh for twelve weeks was accompanied by a decrement in iPTH, mostly in those subjects with poor initial vitamin D status.