Assessment of the Impact of Humic Acids on Intestinal Microbiota, Gut Integrity, Ileum Morphometry, and Cellular Immunity of Turkey Poults Fed an Aflatoxin B1-Contaminated Diet.

A recent study published data on the growth performance, relative weights of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, liver histology, serum biochemistry, and hematological parameters for turkey poults fed an experimental diet contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and humic acids (HA) extracted from vermicompost. The negative effects of AFB1 (250 ng AFB1/g of feed) were significantly reduced by HA supplementation (0.25% w/w), suggesting that HA might be utilized to ameliorate the negative impact of AFB1 from contaminated diets. The present study shows the results of the remaining variables, as an extension of a previously published work which aimed to evaluate the impact of HA on the intestinal microbiota, gut integrity, ileum morphometry, and cellular immunity of turkey poults fed an AFB1-contaminated diet. For this objective, five equal groups of 1-day-old female Nicholas-700 turkey poults were randomly assigned to the following treatments: negative control (basal diet), positive control (basal diet + 250 ng AFB1/g), HA (basal diet + 0.25% HA), HA + AFB1 (basal diet + 0.25% HA + 250 ng AFB1/g), and Zeolite (basal diet + 0.25% zeolite + 250 ng AFB1/g). In the experiment, seven replicates of ten poults each were used per treatment (n = 70). In general, HA supplementation with or without the presence of AFB1 showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the number of beneficial butyric acid producers, ileum villi height, and ileum total area, and a significant reduction in serum levels of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-d), a marker of intestinal integrity. In contrast, poults fed with AFB1 showed a significant increase in Proteobacteria and lower numbers of beneficial bacteria, clearly suggesting gut dysbacteriosis. Moreover, poults supplemented with AFB1 displayed the lowest morphometric parameters and the highest intestinal permeability. Furthermore, poults in the negative and positive control treatments had the lowest cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response. These findings suggest that HA supplementation enhanced intestinal integrity (shape and permeability), cellular immune response, and healthier gut microbiota composition, even in the presence of dietary exposure to AFB1. These results complement those of the previously published study, suggesting that HA may be a viable dietary intervention to improve gut health and immunity in turkey poults during aflatoxicosis.

Plum-blossom needle tapping enhances the efficacy of ALA photodynamic therapy for facial actinic keratosis in Chinese population: a randomized, multicenter, prospective, and observer-blind study.

BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a reliable treatment for actinic keratosis (AK), but its effect needs to be enhanced in thick lesions. Plum-blossom needle is a traditional Chinese cost-effective instrument for enhancing the transdermal delivery of ALA. However, whether it could improve the efficacy of AK treatment has not yet been investigated. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of plum-blossom needle-assisted PDT in facial AK in the Chinese population. METHODS: In this multicenter, prospective study, a total of 142 patients with AKs (grades I-III) were randomized into the plum-blossom needle-assisted PDT group (P-PDT) and control PDT group (C-PDT). In the P-PDT group, each AK lesion was tapped vertically by a plum-blossom needle before the application of 10% ALA cream. In the C-PDT group, each lesion was only wiped with regular saline before ALA cream incubation. Then, 3 hours later, all the lesions were irradiated with light-emitting diode (LED) at a wavelength of 630 nm. PDT was performed once every 2 weeks until all lesion patients achieved complete remission or completed six sessions. The efficacy (lesion response) and safety (pain scale and adverse events) in both groups were evaluated before each treatment and at every follow-up visit at 3-month intervals until 12 months. RESULTS: In the P-PDT and C-PDT groups, the clearance rates for all AK lesions after the first treatment were 57.9% and 48.0%, respectively (P < 0.05). For grade I AK lesions, the clearance rates were 56.5% and 50.4%, respectively (P = 0.34). For grade II AK lesions, the clearance rates were 58.0% and 48.9%, respectively (P = 0.1). For grade III AK lesions, the clearance rates were 59.0% and 44.2%, respectively (P < 0.05). Moreover, grade III AK lesions in the P-PDT group required fewer treatment sessions (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the pain score between the two groups (P = 0.752). CONCLUSION: Plum-blossom needle tapping may enhance the efficacy of ALA-PDT by facilitating ALA delivery in the treatment of AK.

Alginate Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Promoting Bifidobacterium animalis and Intestinal Hyodeoxycholic Acid Synthesis in Mice.

Alginate (ALG) is known to alleviate intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease, but its mechanism of action remains elusive. In the present study, we studied the involvement of the intestinal microbiota and bile acid (BA) metabolism in ALG-mediated anti-inflammatory effects in mice. A combination of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, shotgun metagenomic sequencing, and targeted BA metabolomic profiling was employed to investigate structural and functional differences in the colonic microbiota and BA metabolism in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated mice with or without dietary supplementation of ALG. We further explored the role of the intestinal microbiota as well as a selected ALG-enriched bacterium and BA in DSS-induced colitis. Dietary ALG alleviated DSS-mediated intestinal inflammation and enriched a small set of bacteria including Bifidobacterium animalis in the colon (P < 0.05). Additionally, ALG restored several bacteria carrying secondary BA-synthesizing enzymes such as 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and BA hydrolase to healthy levels in DSS-treated mice. Although a majority of BAs were suppressed by DSS, a few secondary BAs such as hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) were markedly enriched by ALG. Furthermore, ALG significantly upregulated the expression of a major BA receptor, the farnesoid X receptor, while suppressing NF-κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Depletion of the intestinal microbiota completely abrogated the protective effect of ALG in DSS-treated mice. Similar to ALG, B. animalis and HDCA exerted a strong anti-inflammatory effect in DSS-induced colitis by downregulating inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1ß [IL-1ß], IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]). Taken together, these results indicated that ALG achieves its alleviating effect on intestinal inflammation through regulation of the microbiota by enriching B. animalis to promote the biosynthesis of specific secondary BAs such as HDCA. These findings have revealed intricate interactions among the intestinal microbiota, BA metabolism, and intestinal health and further provided a novel strategy to improve intestinal health through targeted manipulation of the intestinal microbiota and BA metabolism. IMPORTANCE ALG has been shown to ameliorate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but little is known about the mechanism of its anti-inflammatory action. This study was the first to demonstrate that ALG provided a preventive effect against colitis in an intestinal microbiota-dependent manner. Furthermore, we confirmed that by selectively enriching intestinal B. animalis and secondary BA (HDCA), ALG contributed to the attenuation of DSS-induced colitis. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of ALG on the attenuation of colitis and provide new approaches to IBD therapy by regulating gut microbial BA metabolism.

Gut microbiota from green tea polyphenol-dosed mice improves intestinal epithelial homeostasis and ameliorates experimental colitis.

BACKGROUND: Alteration of the gut microbiota may contribute to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major bioactive constituent of green tea, is known to be beneficial in IBD alleviation. However, it is unclear whether the gut microbiota exerts an effect when EGCG attenuates IBD. RESULTS: We first explored the effect of oral or rectal EGCG delivery on the DSS-induced murine colitis. Our results revealed that anti-inflammatory effect and colonic barrier integrity were enhanced by oral, but not rectal, EGCG. We observed a distinct EGCG-mediated alteration in the gut microbiome by increasing Akkermansia abundance and butyrate production. Next, we demonstrated that the EGCG pre-supplementation induced similar beneficial outcomes to oral EGCG administration. Prophylactic EGCG attenuated colitis and significantly enriched short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria such as Akkermansia and SCFAs production in DSS-induced mice. To validate these discoveries, we performed fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and sterile fecal filtrate (SFF) to inoculate DSS-treated mice. Microbiota from EGCG-dosed mice alleviated the colitis over microbiota from control mice and SFF shown by superiorly anti-inflammatory effect and colonic barrier integrity, and also enriched bacteria such as Akkermansia and SCFAs. Collectively, the attenuation of colitis by oral EGCG suggests an intimate involvement of SCFAs-producing bacteria Akkermansia, and SCFAs, which was further demonstrated by prophylaxis and FMT. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first data indicating that oral EGCG ameliorated the colonic inflammation in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. Our findings provide novel insights into EGCG-mediated remission of IBD and EGCG as a potential modulator for gut microbiota to prevent and treat IBD. Video Abstract.

Treatment of androgenetic alopecia with 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy: A randomized, placebo-controlled, split-scalp study of efficacy and safety.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is one of the most common hair loss disorders. Treatment options for AGA are limited . New therapies for AGA are clinically needed. 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) is widely applied in diseases involving the pilosebaceous unit. However, limited research has explored the efficacy of ALA-PDT in treating alopecia. Some studies reported hair regrowth after PDT in alopecia areata patients, but the efficacy of ALA-PDT on AGA remains unclear. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ALA-PDT for the treatment of AGA. METHODS: A randomized, placebo-controlled, split-scalp clinical study was conducted. Subjects with AGA received six sessions of 5% ALA-PDT on one half of their scalp and the red-light therapy on the other half. The treatments were applied every two weeks for six sessions on each subject. RESULTS: There were 7 subjects enrolled in this study. No significant difference in hair density was observed between the red-light treatment and ALA-PDT treatment. The hair density in the ALA-PDT treated half of the scalp significantly decreased 1 week after the treatment, then it increased, and no statistical difference was found at 12 weeks after the last treatment compared to the baseline. There was no significant improvement in hair growth according to a 7-point scale and the subjects' self-assessments. The main adverse effects in ALA-PDT treatment were mild edema and tolerable pain, and no adverse effect was observed in red-light treatment. CONCLUSIONS: 6 sessions of 5% ALA-PDT did not increase the hair growth of AGA patients, but slightly suppressed the sebum secretion on the scalp. The adverse effects of ALA-PDT were mild, which indicated safety and tolerability of this treatment.

Proteomics and lipidomics reveal the protective mechanism of dietary n-3 PUFA supplementation for photoaging.

Chronic ultraviolet radiation exposure could induce photoaging, and even carcinogenesis. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) supplementation has proved to alleviate photoaging and cutaneous carcinoma. Although the exact mechanism remains poorly elucidated, accumulated evidence suggests that the alleviation effect of n-3 PUFA for photoaging is a multifactorial procession characterized by different pathways. Here, we performed a whole-genome proteomics and lipidomics analyses using a self-constructed photoaging mouse model with n-3 PUFA or n-6 PUFA supplementation. Significant alleviation of photoaging was observed, and a total of 88 differentially expressed proteins and 152 differentially expressed lipids were identified in mice with n-3 PUFA supplementation. We found that n-3 PUFA may alleviate photoaging by upregulating Hmmr (hyaluronic acid receptor) expression, which can decrease Mmp9 expression, reducing collagen degradation. As most proteins were associated with lipogenesis and lipid metabolism, we further analyzed the lipidomics data, finding that most triglycerides (93%) showed a significant increase in the n-3 PUFA supplementation group. Our proteomics and lipidomics results indicate that the protective mechanism of n-3 PUFA for photoaging is complicated. Furthermore, the effect of elevated triglycerides by n-3 PUFA supplementation in counteracting skin photoaging cannot be ignored, which will become a new prime target in anti-photoaging.

Transcriptomic analysis of mechanism of melanoma cell death induced by photothermal therapy.

Melanoma is a malignancy with poor prognosis. Its incidence rate has been on the rise and it poses high health and economic challenges to different populations. Photothermal therapy (PTT) served as an effective local therapy in treating various tumors, particularly cutaneous carcinoma like melanoma. To fully understand the mechanisms of tumor cell death induced by PTT, we investigated gene expression and immune cells compositions of B16-F10 tumors after PTT treatment. A total of 256 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, with 215 being downregulated and 41 upregulated by PTT. Functional annotation showed that most DEGs involved in immune response and inflammatory response. Immune cells compositions inference revealed changes in many immune cells including regulatory T cells, M2 macrophage and B cells after PTT treatment. Our results help delineate the mechanism of cell death at the transcriptional level triggered by non-invasive PTT treatment of melanoma without exogenous light absorbing agents.

Photodynamic therapy as an alternative treatment in patients with invasive cutaneous SCC where surgery is not feasible: Single center experience.

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) as an alternative treatment in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) patients who are not fit for surgery. Thirty-three invasive cSCC patients who, for some reasons, cannot undergo surgery were enrolled in this study. All patients received plum blossom needle (PBN) pretreated ALA-PDT combined with topical application of 5% imiquimod cream. Two patients dropped the study because of severe pain and two patients discontinue treatment due to lack of response. Of 29 patients, who completed the treatment, 5 patients had complete response after 2-9 sessions of PDT and these patients had no recurrence till 18 months after treatment. Twenty-four patients achieved partial response and are satisfied with treatment outcome in terms of decreased symptoms and improved quality of life. PBN pretreated PDT in combination with topical imiquimod may be a viable treatment option for non resectable cSCC lesions.

Ulceration occurring after ALA-PDT combined with plum-blossom needle percussion for the treatment of pretibial Bowen's disease: A case report.

We used 5-aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) combined with plum-blossom needle (PBN) on a 3.5 cm × 3.0 cm pretibial region to treat an elderly woman suffering from Bowen's disease (BD). Before the application of ALA, the PBN was inserted 3-4 times vertically starting at 5 cm above the lesion. Then, 20 % 5-ALA cream was applied with an incubation time of 3.5 h. A semiconductor laser at a wavelength of 635 nm was used to illuminate the lesion at 100 J/cm2 using 60 mW/cm2. A total of three sessions of ALA-PDT were performed at 2-3-week intervals, thus removing the lesion of BD. However, a 1.5 cm × 1.0 cm ulceration occurred 2 weeks after the third session when the PBN was used. Therefore, PBN percussion or other methods for promoting ALA penetration should be carefully applied to avoid ulceration, especially on the sites with less subcutaneous tissue.

Concurrent photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by gold nanoclusters under a single NIR laser irradiation.

Phototherapy, particularly photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), has become a promising therapeutic technique for the treatment of skin cancers because of its minial invasiveness, high efficacy, and low side effects. Nevertheless, single modality therapy, either PTT or PDT, has limited clinical effectiveness in treating skin cancers. Thus, combined applications of PTT and PDT have been frequently reported; however, PTT and PDT often require their respective photoagents and excitation light sources, resulting in challenges in clinical transformation. In this study, to address these issues, we report the use of biocompatible gold nanoclusters Au25(Capt)18 for the concurrent PTT and PDT treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) using an 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) laser. Utilizing their high light-thermal conversion efficiency, potent generation of singlet oxygen, and strong photothermal stability, Au25(Capt)18 nanoclusters potentiated a significant proliferation suppression of cSCC XL50 cells in vitro and the inhibition of cSCC tumors on SKH-1 mice in vivo. In particular, under 808 nm light irradiation, the tumor-cell-killing contributions of PTT and PDT were estimated to be 28.86% and 71.14%, respectively, by using an ROS scavenger to quench the PDT effect. Tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells were observed after one course of concurrent PTT and PDT. Preliminary toxicity studies indicated low adverse effects of the Au25(Capt)18 nanoclusters. Through this study, we report the use of a simple nanostructure for simultaneous PTT and PDT applications to effectively kill cSCC and to induce anti-tumor immune responses. Our study could lead to the development of effective photoagents for current, synergistic applications of different phototherapies with targeted immunological responses for the treatment of cancers.

ALA-PDT combined with holmium laser therapy of postoperative recurrent extramammary Paget's disease.

Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare intraepithelial neoplasm arising in apocrine rich area of the skin. Surgery is the standard treatment but relapse is common. The postoperative skin defects, penile reconstruction, functional effects and old age are also challenges for curing disease. Herein, a case of postoperative recurrent EMPD, which was treated by combination therapy of non-invasive repeatable ALA-PDT and deep penetrated holmium laser is reported. Ultrasonography monitor of lesions showed light vascularity and the formerly hypoechoic lesion disappeared after treatment.

Present and future perspectives of photodynamic therapy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common skin cancer. Surgery remains the main stay of treatment, but some patients are not eligible for surgery and, more importantly, lesions at critical sites need nonsurgical approaches for tissue preservation. In this context, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been extensively studied as noninvasive or minimally invasive treatment, and studies have shown promising results in terms of safety, efficacy, and cosmetic outcome. Also, studies have proposed different mechanism for its efficacy. However, human studies demonstrating its efficacy are limited in terms of sample size and tumor depth of invasion. Good results are mainly seen in case reports of microinvasive SCC, which is defined as SCC limited to papillary dermis. This inadequacy is due to inadequate penetration of topically applied photosensitizers through keratinized tumor surfaces. To overcome these hurdles, pretreatment with lasers or microneedles and encapsulation of photosensitizers into nanoparticles have been tried. Hence, the present article will discuss studies that have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of PDT for cutaneous SCC, studies that have postulated the mechanism of action of PDT, agents that have been used as PDT enhancers, and finally, the recent use of adjuvant therapy in combination with PDT.

Latent Demodex infection contributes to intense pulsed light aggravated rosacea: cases serial.

Intense pulsed light (IPL) is a good option for erythema and telangiectasia of rosacea. Demodex, which is light and heat sensitive, is an important risk of Rosacea. Sometimes, IPL can induce rosacea aggravation. Here, we show two cases of erythema rosacea aggravated as pustule in several hours after IPL. Both cases show high density of Demodex after IPL. Neither of them had photosensitivity, systemic disease, or any other contraindication for IPL. One of the patients received IPL again after Demodex infection relieved and this time there was no inflammation induction. We need to attract more attention to IPL-induced rosacea aggravation and latent Demodex infection may act as a cofactor.

Photothermal therapy enhanced the effectiveness of imiquimod against refractory cutaneous warts through boosting immune responses.

Refractory cutaneous warts are difficult to eliminate. In situ photo-immunotherapy (ISPI) is an innovative treatment concept combining local photothermal therapy (PTT) and topical immunotherapy using imiquimod. To compare the efficacy of ISPI vs topical imiquimod alone, a prospective randomized controlled trial was performed with patients suffering from refractory cutaneous warts. In both groups, approximately 50% of the skin surface containing warts was treated for 6 weeks. On the basis of topical imiquimod, ISPI includes an additional 808 nm laser irradiation. Treatment response, temperatures during irradiation and histopathologic examination were evaluated. The complete response rate in the ISPI-group (22/36, 61.1%) was significantly higher than in the imiquimod alone group (11/34, 32.4%). In the ISPI-group, the mean maximum temperature was 44.5 ± 5.1°C, and obvious lymphocytic infiltration was found in the perivasculature of the dermis. There was no recurrence or worsening in both groups during the 12-month follow-up. No obvious adverse reaction was observed. This study demonstrates that ISPI can be used as an effective and safe treatment modality for refractory cutaneous warts.

Medium-Chain Triglycerides Attenuate Liver Injury in Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Pigs by Inhibiting Necroptotic and Inflammatory Signaling Pathways.

This study was conducted to investigate whether medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury by down-regulating necroptotic and inflammatory signaling pathways. A total of 24 pigs were randomly allotted to four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design including diet (0 and 4% MCTs) and immunological challenge (saline and LPS). After three weeks of feeding with or without 4% MCTs, pigs were challenged with saline or LPS. MCTs led to a significant increase in eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and total (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations. MCTs attenuated LPS-induced liver injury as indicated by an improvement in liver histomorphology and ultrastructural morphology of hepatocytes, a reduction in serum alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities as well as an increase in claudin-1 protein expression. In addition, MCTs also reduced serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-6 concentrations, liver TNF-α and IL-1ß mRNA expression and protein concentrations and enhanced liver heat shock protein 70 protein expression in LPS-challenged pigs. Moreover, MCTs decreased mRNA expression of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase (RIP) 3, mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) and phosphoglycerate mutase 5 and inhibited MLKL phosphorylation in the liver. Finally, MCTs decreased liver mRNA expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein (NOD) 1 and multiple downstream signaling molecules. MCTs also suppressed LPS-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation and increased extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 phosphorylation in the liver. These results indicated that MCTs are capable of attenuating LPS-induced liver damage by suppressing hepatic necroptotic (RIP1/RIP3/MLKL) and inflammatory (TLR4/NOD1/p38 MAPK) signaling pathways.

Dietary modulation of endogenous host defense peptide synthesis as an alternative approach to in-feed antibiotics.

Traditionally, antibiotics are included in animal feed at subtherapeutic levels for growth promotion and disease prevention. However, recent links between in-feed antibiotics and a rise in antibiotic-resistant pathogens have led to a ban of all antibiotics in livestock production by the European Union in January 2006 and a removal of medically important antibiotics in animal feeds in the United States in January 2017. An urgent need arises for antibiotic alternatives capable of maintaining animal health and productivity without triggering antimicrobial resistance. Host defense peptides (HDP) are a critical component of the animal innate immune system with direct antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. While in-feed supplementation of recombinant or synthetic HDP appears to be effective in maintaining animal performance and alleviating clinical symptoms in the context of disease, dietary modulation of the synthesis of endogenous host defense peptides has emerged as a cost-effective, antibiotic-alternative approach to disease control and prevention. Several different classes of small-molecule compounds have been found capable of promoting HDP synthesis. Among the most efficacious compounds are butyrate and vitamin D. Moreover, butyrate and vitamin D synergize with each other in enhancing HDP synthesis. This review will focus on the regulation of HDP synthesis by butyrate and vitamin D in humans, chickens, pigs, and cattle and argue for potential application of HDP-inducing compounds in antibiotic-free livestock production.

Dietary Clostridium butyricum Induces a Phased Shift in Fecal Microbiota Structure and Increases the Acetic Acid-Producing Bacteria in a Weaned Piglet Model.

Clostridium butyricum is known as a butyrate producer and a regulator of gut health, but whether it exerts a beneficial effect as a dietary supplement via modulating the intestinal microbiota remains elusive. This study investigated the impact of C. butyricum on the fecal microbiota composition and their metabolites 14 and 28 days after weaning with 10 g/kg dietary supplementation of C. butyricum. Dynamic changes of microbial compositions showed dramatically increasing Selenomonadales and decreasing Clostridiales on days 14 and 28. Within Selenomonadales, Megasphaera became the main responder by increasing from 3.79 to 11.31%. Following the prevalence of some acetate producers ( Magasphaera) and utilizers ( Eubacterium_hallii) at the genus level and even with a significant decrease in fecal acetate on day 28, the present data suggested that C. butyricum influenced microbial metabolism by optimizing the structure of microbiota and enhancing acetate production and utilization for butyrate production.

Laser immunotherapy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with optimal thermal effects to enhance tumour immunogenicity.

BACKGROUND: Laser immunotherapy is a new anti-cancer therapy combining photothermal therapy and immunostimulation. It can eliminate the tumours by damaging tumour cells directly and promoting the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to enhance tumour immunogenicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the thermal effects of laser immunotherapy and to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of laser immunotherapy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). METHODS: The cell viability and the DAMPs productions of heat-treated cSCC A431 cells in different temperatures were investigated. Laser immunotherapy with the optimal thermal effect for DAMPs production was performed on SKH-1 mice bearing ultraviolet-induced cSCC and a patient suffering from a large refractory cSCC. RESULTS: The temperature in the range of 45-50 °C killing half of A431 cells had an optimal thermal effect for the productions of DAMPs. The thermal effect could be further enhanced by local application of imiquimod, an immunoadjuvant. Laser immunotherapy eliminated most tumours and improved the survival rate of the ultraviolet-induced cSCC-bearing SKH-1 mice (p < 0.05). The patient with cSCC treated by laser immunotherapy experienced a significant tumour reduction after laser immunotherapy increased the amounts of infiltrating lymphocytes in the tumour. No obviously adverse effect was observed in the mice experiment or in the clinical application. CONCLUSIONS: Our results strongly indicate that laser immunotherapy with optimal thermal effects is an effective and safe treatment modality for cSCC.

A novel cosmetic and clinically practicable laser immunotherapy for facial verruca plana: Intense pulsed light combined with BCG-PSN.

BACKGROUND: There is no standard method to remove facial verruca plana and achieve better cosmetic effects. The present study is the first study to use intense pulsed light (IPL) as photothermal therapy (PTT) combined with intra-gluteal injection of bacillus calmette-guerin polysaccharide nucleic acid (BCG-PSN), which function as immunotherapy, contracting a new type of clinically available laser immunotherapy (LIT) for the treatment of facial verruca plana. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, cosmetic outcome, and adverse reactions of IPL combined with BCG-PSN for facial verruca plana. METHODS: Twenty-three patients with facial verruca plana were treated with IPL (560-nm filter, 15-17 J/cm2) and all patients were given intra-gluteal injections of BCG-PSN twice a week for 8 weeks combined with IPL once a month in two times. The clinical responses, recurrences, adverse reactions, and rejuvenation outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: A complete and excellent response was noted in 17 patients (74%). Of the 676 treated warts, 548 were eradicated and the overall clearance rate was 81%. No patient relapsed during the 20-week follow-up. No obvious adverse reactions was observed. Almost all patients showed an improvement in skin texture after IPL treatment CONCLUSION: We conclude that a novel LIT based on BCG-PSN and IPL for the treatment of facial verruca plana proved to be a well-tolerated and effective treatment modality. This novel LIT can clear skin lesions and achieve a very good cosmetic effect.

The within-host population dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis vary with treatment efficacy.

BACKGROUND: Combination therapy is one of the most effective tools for limiting the emergence of drug resistance in pathogens. Despite the widespread adoption of combination therapy across diseases, drug resistance rates continue to rise, leading to failing treatment regimens. The mechanisms underlying treatment failure are well studied, but the processes governing successful combination therapy are poorly understood. We address this question by studying the population dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within tuberculosis patients undergoing treatment with different combinations of antibiotics. RESULTS: By combining very deep whole genome sequencing (~1000-fold genome-wide coverage) with sequential sputum sampling, we were able to detect transient genetic diversity driven by the apparently continuous turnover of minor alleles, which could serve as the source of drug-resistant bacteria. However, we report that treatment efficacy has a clear impact on the population dynamics: sufficient drug pressure bears a clear signature of purifying selection leading to apparent genetic stability. In contrast, M. tuberculosis populations subject to less drug pressure show markedly different dynamics, including cases of acquisition of additional drug resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that for a pathogen like M. tuberculosis, which is well adapted to the human host, purifying selection constrains the evolutionary trajectory to resistance in effectively treated individuals. Nonetheless, we also report a continuous turnover of minor variants, which could give rise to the emergence of drug resistance in cases of drug pressure weakening. Monitoring bacterial population dynamics could therefore provide an informative metric for assessing the efficacy of novel drug combinations.