[The inscription of Treatise on Febrile Diseases by Zhao Kaimei and the position of its attached official dispatch and name by the Imperial College of the Northern Song Dynasty].

The Treatise on Febrile Diseases (Shang Han Lun) inscripted and published by Zhao Kaimei in the Ming Dynasty was believed to be reprinted from the version of the Northern Song Dynasty, based on its official dispatch, at the beginning of the book, in the third year of the Yuanyou Period of the Northern Song Dynasty. However, the authenticity of the official dispatch remained controversial among scholars of medical history and literature. This paper reports on an investigation of the formation process of the official dispatch, classifies the titles recorded after the inscription, makes comparisons with the medical books inscripted in the same period, and analyzes the causes of the official dispatch and the title in Treatise on Febrile Diseases inscripted by Zhao Kaimei. It was found that the inscription, the official dispatch and the titles were authentic and that the position of the official dispatch was moved from the end of the book to the beginning of the book.

[Correlation between fluid parameter and cardiovascular events in hemodialysis patients based on repeated body composition analyses].

Objective: To explore the correlation between fluid load index and cardiovascular events in hemodialysis patients based on repeated body composition analyses. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted to collect the clinical data of patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) in the Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from July to September 2020. The pre-dialysis fluid overload (FO) index-overhydration (OH) was measured by bioelectrical impedance method, and the follow-up monitoring was conducted every 6 months. According to the baseline OH value, patients were divided into non-FO group (OH≤2.5 L) and FO group (OH>2.5 L). Moreover, according to the repeated measurements, the patients were divided into continuous non-FO group, continuous FO group and intermittent FO group. All patients were followed up until October 1, 2022, and the outcomes were recorded. The end point of follow-up was cardiovascular events. The cumulative incidence of cardiovascular events was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and the risk factors of cardiovascular events were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results: A total of 289 patients were included, including 88 patients (30.4%) with FO and 201 patients (69.6%) with non-FO. There were 168 males (58.1%) and 121 (41.9%) females, with an average age of (58±13) years and an average follow-up time of (22.0±6.5) months. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the incidence of cardiovascular events in the baseline FO group was higher than that in the non-FO group (log-rank χ2=14.44, P<0.001). The incidence of cardiovascular events in both the continuous FO group and the intermittent FO group was higher than that in the continuous non-FO group (log-rank χ2=41.47, P<0.001; log-rank χ2=18.36, P<0.001). After adjustment for gender, age, comorbidities, and biochemical indicators, the incidence of cardiovascular events in the baseline FO group was 1.850 times of the non-FO group (95%CI: 1.046-3.271, P=0.034). The incidence of cardiovascular events in the continuous FO group was 4.679 times of the continuous non-FO group (95%CI: 2.189-10.002, P<0.001). The incidence of cardiovascular events in the intermittent FO group was 3.410 times of the continuous non-FO group (95%CI: 1.696-6.857, P=0.001). Conclusions: OH value measured by bioelectrical impedance can be used as an important reference index for clinical monitoring of cardiovascular events in MHD patients. Continuous chronic and intermittent exposures to FO are risk factors for cardiovascular events in hemodialysis patients.

[Effects of equol on colon cancer cell proliferation].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of equol on the proliferation of colom cancer cells and to explore the mechanisms. METHODS: Colon cancer cells (DLD1,HCT15,COLO205,LOVO,SW480) were incubated, the cell proliferation was identified by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cell proliferation assay. Reverse transcription PCR and Western blot were used to measure the mRNA and the protein expression of estrogen receptor and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)in the colon cancer cells, respectively. Moreover, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cell proliferation assay was used to investigate the effect of estrogen receptor(ER) inhibitor,ERα agonist, and estrogen receptor ERßagonist on the cell proliferation. RESULTS: ERα was faintly expressed in the DLD-1 and HCT-15 cells. However, ERß expression in DLD1, HCT15, COLO205, LOVO, and SW480 colon cancer cells. Different concentrations of equol (0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 µmol/L) significantly inhibited the growth of HCT-15 cell with the expression of ERα and ERß.More-over, different concentrations of equol (0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 µmol/L) significantly inhibited the growth of LOVO, and SW480 cells with the ERß expression in a dose-dependent manner as demonstrated with a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cell proliferation assay. mRNA expressions of ERα and ERß in HCT-15 were stimulated significantly. Western blotting proved that the protein expressions of ERα and ERß increased with the increasing of equol dose. Moreover we found significant difference of Nrf2 protein expression in HCT-15 cell stimulated by different concentrationss of equol. After the similation of estrogen receptor inhibitor, ERα agonist, or ERß agonist, we found that only dif-ferent concentrations of ERß agonist(0, 1, 10, 100, 1 000, 10 000 nmol/L) significantly inhibited the growth of HCT-15, LOVO, and SW480 in adose-dependent manner. Estrogen receptor inhibitor and ERα agonistdid not present significant effect on the cell proliferation of HCT-15, LOVO, and SW480. CONCLUSION: Equol inhibited the colon cancer cell proliferation by its estrogenic activities and antioxidant activities.

[Philosophical basis of original thinking in Chinese medicine].

Chinese Medicine, being one of the most creative disciplines, with the superiority of its disciplinary theory and thinking pattern closely related to the studies of Sinology.Chinese Medicine has taken on its great aspect with good favorable prospects of timing, geographical and unity and coordination of human relationship, hence, the development of CM needs the recognition of its original advantage, making clear of its sources of original thought.The XIANG thought (iconic thinking) is the basic connotation and basic features of traditional Chinese thinking. The imported western culture depresses the XIANG (iconic) thinking of original thought, and, as a result, conceptual thinking of scientism and western medicine became the mainstream. Actually, conceptual thinking shouldn't be rejected, whereas the original thinking and original superiority characterized by our own nation should also be manifested. The knowledge, both oriental and occidental, are to be accepted simultaneously, while Chinese medicine and western medicine should be all mastered thoroughly and integrated as a whole so as to further proceed together.

[Zheng Meijian's Sha yu yi yu (Random Medical Talks in Leisure Time) and his new ideas on pulse-taking].

Zheng Meijian, a doctor of Xin'an district in the reign of Qianlong Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, left his manuscript Sha yu yi yu (Random Medical Talks in Leisure Time), and was handed down in his family for generations. Sha yu yi yu was published in the Anhui Yixue of Issue 20, 1959, with horizontal layout and punctuation. The book records Zheng Meijian's understanding for the medicine, especially his new ideas on the cunkou pulse, with its underlying corresponding relationship among cun-guan-chi and zang-fu which should be combined with meridian and collateral system, claiming that the pulse taken superficially was corresponding to fu, while that taken deeply, to zang. He classified the strength of the fingers in pulse-taking into 8 levels, and advocated flexible application of pulse-taking. All his opinions had an important reference value for theoretical research and clinical application of pulse-taking.

Cloning and characterization of a farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase from Matricaria recutita L. and its upregulation by methyl jasmonate.

Matricaria recutita (L.), commonly known as chamomile, is one of the most valuable medicinal plants because it synthesizes a large number of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites known as α-bisabolol and chamazulene. Although the plant has been well characterized in terms of chemical constituents of essential oil as well as pharmacological properties, little is known about the genes responsible for biosynthesis of these compounds. In this study, we report a new full-length cDNA encoding farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS), a key enzyme in the pathway of biosynthesis of isoprenoids, from M. recutita. The cDNA of MrFPS comprises 1032 bp and encodes 343 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 39.4 kDa. The amino acid sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis indicated that MrFPS belongs to the plant FPS super-family and is closely related to FPS from the Asteraceae family. Expression of the MrFPS gene in Escherichia coli yielded FPS activity. Using real-time quantitative PCR, the expression pattern of the MrFPS gene was analyzed in different tissues of M. recutita as well as in response to methyl jasmonate. The expression analysis demonstrated that MrFPS expression varies in different tissues (with maximal expression in flowers and stems) and was significantly elevated in response to methyl jasmonate. This study will certainly enhance our understanding of the role of MrFPS in the biosynthesis and regulation of valuable secondary metabolites in M. recutita at a molecular level.

MAPK signaling mediates sinomenine hydrochloride-induced human breast cancer cell death via both reactive oxygen species-dependent and -independent pathways: an in vitro and in vivo study.

Sinomenine, the main alkaloid extracted from the medicinal plant Sinomenium acutum, is known for its anti-inflammatory effects. Recent studies have suggested its anti-cancer effect in synovial sarcoma, lung cancer and hepatic cancer. However, the underlying molecular mechanism for its anti-cancer effect still remains unclear. This study investigated the anti-tumor activity of sinomenine hydrochloride (SH), a hydrochloride form of sinomenine, in human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. We found that SH potently inhibited cell viability of a broad panel of breast cancer cell lines. Two representative breast cancer cell lines, namely ER(-)/PR(-) MDA-MB-231 and ER(+)/PR(+) MCF-7, were used for further investigation. The results showed that SH induced G1/S cell cycle arrest, caused apoptosis and induced ATM/Chk2- and ATR/Chk1-mediated DNA-damage response in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7. The anti-cancer effect of SH was regulated by increased expression levels of p-ERK, p-JNK and p-38 MAPK. Further studies showed that SH resulted in an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibition of ROS by N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) almost blocked SH-induced DNA damage but only mitigated SH-induced MAPK expression changes, suggesting that both ROS-dependent and -independent pathways were involved in MAPK-mediated SH-induced breast cancer cell death. The in vivo study demonstrated that SH effectively inhibited tumor growth without showing significant toxicity. In conclusion, SH induced breast cancer cell death through ROS-dependent and -independent pathways with an upregulation of MAPKs, indicating that SH may be a potential anti-tumor drug for breast cancer treatment.

Anisodamine inhibits shiga toxin type 2-mediated tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in vitro and in vivo.

Cytokines, in particular tumor necrosis factor (TNF), appear to be necessary to develop the pathological process of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection. In this study we examined the effect of anisodamine, a vasoactive drug, on TNF-alpha production in Shiga toxin type 2 (Stx2)-stimulated human monocytic cells in vitro and in Stx2-injected mice sera in vivo. Human monocytes and THP-1 cells were stimulated by Stx2 (1-100 ng/ml) with or without anisodamine addition (1-400 micrograms/ml). For in vivo evaluations, C57BL/6 mice were given a single intraperitoneal injection of anisodamine (6-50 mg/kg) or saline after intraperitoneal injection of Stx2 (50 ng/kg). The results showed that anisodamine suppressed Stx2-induced TNF-alpha production in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Anisodamine also suppressed Stx2-induced TNF-alpha mRNA expression. Further study showed that endogenous prostaglandin E2 may be involved in this inhibitory effect. In contrast to TNF-alpha mRNA, anisodamine at concentrations as high as 400 micrograms/ml did not decrease Stx2-induced IL-1 beta and IL-8 mRNA levels. In addition, anisodamine (> 50 micrograms/ml) increased Stx2-stimulated THP-1 cell viability. Levels of TNF-alpha in anisodamine-treated mice sera were significantly lower than those in the saline-treated group 1.5 and 24 hr after Stx2 injection. Anisodamine induced a lower percentage of death in Stx2-injected mice. Taken together, our results indicate that anisodamine has an important regulatory effect on Stx2-induced TNF-alpha production in vitro and in vivo. The present study suggested that this drug should be further investigated for its effects on Stx2-mediated diseases in humans.

Protective effect of anisodamine against Shiga toxin-1: inhibition of cytokine production and increase in the survival of mice.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether anisodamine could inhibit Shiga toxin-1 (Stx1)-induced cytokine production and increase the survival of Stx1-treated mice. Human monocytic cells were stimulated by Stx1 (1 to 100 ng/mL) with or without anisodamine addition (1 to 400 microg/mL). For in vivo evaluations, C57BL/6 mice were given a single intraperitoneal injection of anisodamine (1 mg) or saline solution after intraperitoneal injection of Stx1 (2.75 microg/kg). The results showed that anisodamine significantly suppressed Stx1-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and IL-8 production. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that anisodamine suppressed Stx1-mediated TNF-alpha mRNA expression. Further study showed that this TNF-alpha inhibitory effect was via a prostaglandin E2-dependent mechanism. Anisodamine treatment prolonged the survival time of mice and decreased the lethality of Stx1 (94.5% to 44%). Because cytokines, in particular TNF-alpha, contribute to the pathologic process in Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection, this study suggested that anisodamine could be a potential drug for treatment of STEC infection.

[Studies on chemical constituents in root of Rumex patientia L].

OBJECTIVE: Investigating the chemical constituents in the root of Rumex patientia. METHOD: Compounds were separated by rechromatography on silica gel. Their structures were determined by spectral analysis and chemical evidence. RESULT: Eight compounds were isolated and identified as 5-methoxy-7-hydroxy-1 (3H)-benzofuranone (I), 5, 7-dihydroxy-1 (3H)-benzofuranone(II), nonadecanoic acid-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester(III), torachrysone-8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside(IV), gallic acid(V), beta-sitosterol(VI), beta-sitosterol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside(VII) and catechin(VIII). CONCLUSION: Compound III is a new natural products, and compounds I and II were obtained from this plant for the first time.

[Genetic transformation of autotetraploid Isatis indigotica fort. induced by Ri T-DNA and plant regeneration].

OBJECTIVE: To establish an effective system for genetic transformation of autotetraploid Isatis indigotica by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. METHOD: Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains R1601, ATCC15834 and A4 were employed to induce hairy roots from autotetraploid Isatis indigotica, and the obtained hairy roots were developed into regenerated plants on solid MS media with different Kinds of plant growth regulators. RESULT: Root induction differed obviously. By three Agrobacterium strains. Hairy roots grew rapidly on solid MS medium without plant growth regulators and showed the typical hairy root phenotype: profuse branching, high density of root hairs and plagiotropism. And the transformation of Ri T-DNA was confirmed by opine analysis. The biomass of hairy roots increased nearly 35 times regulator-free MS after suspended in plant growth two weeks. On solid MS medium with BA, adventitious buds were differentiated directly from hairy roots without callus formation. All of the adventitious buds were rooted on root induction medium and developed into regenerated plants. Opine analysis indicated the integration of Ri T-DNA in the transformed plants. CONCLUSION: Agrobacterium rhizogene can induce hairy roots from autotetraploid Isatis indigotica, and the obtained hairy roots can develop into regenerated plants.

17O NMR and crystalline hydrates.

17O NMR is complementary to 2H NMR for studies of hydrate structure and dynamics in solids, insofar as the quadrupole coupling parameters can be accurately determined. At a Larmor frequency of 34.2 MHz, the effects of a large 17O quadrupole coupling (e2qQ/h approximately 7 MHz) on both the orientational dependence of the central transition resonance frequency and its observation by cross-polarization are examined in powders and a single crystal of oxalic acid dihydrate. Comparison with the exact energies shows that the variation of the central transition frequency with tensor orientation is accurately described as a second-order perturbation, even when e2qQ/h and the Larmor frequency are comparable. The combined chemical and quadrupole-induced shifts of the central transition frequency are separated by their distinct transformation properties, and we report the H2(17)O quadrupole coupling tensor in alpha-oxalic acid dihydrate, which is compared with the hydrogen bonding structure. Excitation of the central transition by cross-polarization is examined in terms of the 17O nutation frequency. Distortions in powder patterns and the loss of lines in single-crystal spectra owing to the orientational dependence of the first-order quadrupole coupling are verified, and simple methods for mitigating the problem in single-crystal and powder experiments are presented.

[Effect of osthol and total coumarins of fructus cnidii on thyroid hormone and thyrotropic hormone in kidney-yang deficiency rats].

Osthol and total coumarins of Fructus Cnidii were given to the model of Kidney-Yang Deficiency rats induced by hydrocortison acetate injection, the changes of serum concentration of thyroxine T3, reverse T3 (rT3), T4 and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were observed. Results showed that in comparison with normal rats, all of the criteria mentioned above were lowered significantly (P < 0.01) in model rats. After treatment, the criteria observed were all increased significantly (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). It was suggested that the osthol and total coumarins of Fructus Cnidii could elevate the pituitary-thyroid axis function of Kidney-Yang Deficiency rats.

[Studies on chemical constituents from solvent extracts of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf].

Crystals I-N were isolated from the ethereal extracts of Poria cocos and identified respectively as O-acetyl-pachymic acid (I), 3 beta-hydroxy-lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-21-oic acid (II), beta-amyrin acetate (III) and 3 beta-hydroxy-16 alpha-acetoxy-lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-21-oic acid (N). Crystal III was obtained from P. cocos for the first time, and crystal N was newly discovered.