Oxidized cellulose-filled double thermo/pH-sensitive hydrogel for local chemo-photothermal therapy in breast cancer.

Lumpectomy plus radiation is a treatment option offering better survival than conventional mastectomy for patients with early-stage breast cancer. However, successive radioactive therapy remains tedious and unsafe with severe adverse reactions and secondary injury. Herein, a composite hydrogel with pH- and photothermal double-sensitive activity is developed via physical crosslinking. The composite hydrogel incorporated with tempo-oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TOCN), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and a polydopamine (PDA) coating for photothermal therapy (PTT) triggered in situ release of doxorubicin (DOX) drug was utilized to optimize postoperative strategies of malignant tumors inhibition. The incorporation of TOCN significantly affects the performance of composite hydrogels. The best-performing TOCN/PVA7 was selected for drug loading and polydopamine coating by rational design. In vitro studies have demonstrated that the composite hydrogel exhibited high NIR photothermal conversion efficiency, benign cytotoxicity to L929 cells, pH-dependent release profiles, and strong MCF-7 cell inhibitory effects. Then the TOCN/PVA7-PDA@DOX hydrogel is implanted into the tumor resection cavity for local in vivo chemo-photothermal synergistical therapy to ablate residue tumor tissues. Overall, this work suggests that such a chemo-photothermal hydrogel delivery system has great potential as a promising tool for the postsurgical management of breast cancer.

Microbial bile acid metabolite ameliorates mycophenolate mofetil-induced gastrointestinal toxicity through vitamin D3 receptor.

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is one of the most used immunosuppressive drugs in organ transplantation, but frequent gastrointestinal (GI) side effects through unknown mechanisms limit its clinical use. Gut microbiota and its metabolites were recently reported to play a vital role in MMF-induced GI toxicity, but the specific mechanism of how they interact with the human body is still unclear. Here, we found that secondary bile acids (BAs), as bacterial metabolites, were significantly reduced by MMF administration in the gut of mice. Microbiome data and fecal microbiota transfer model supported a microbiota-dependent effect on the reduction of secondary BAs. Supplementation of the secondary BA lithocholic acid alleviated MMF-induced weight loss, colonic inflammation, and oxidative phosphorylation damage. Genetic deletion of the vitamin D3 receptor (VDR), which serves as a primary colonic BA receptor, in colonic epithelial cells (VDRΔIEC) abolished the therapeutic effect of lithocholic acid on MMF-induced GI toxicity. Impressively, we discovered that paricalcitol, a Food and Drug Administration-approved VDR agonist that has been used in clinics for years, could effectively alleviate MMF-induced GI toxicity. Our study reveals a previously unrecognized mechanism of gut microbiota, BAs, and VDR signaling in MMF-induced GI side effects, offering potential therapeutic strategies for clinics.

A pH-responsive metal-organic framework for the co-delivery of HIF-2α siRNA and curcumin for enhanced therapy of osteoarthritis.

The occurrence of osteoarthritis (OA) is highly correlated with the reduction of joint lubrication performance, in which persistent excessive inflammation and irreversible destruction of cartilage dominate the mechanism. The inadequate response to monotherapy methods, suboptimal efficacy caused by undesirable bioavailability, short retention, and lack of stimulus-responsiveness, are few unresolved issues. Herein, we report a pH-responsive metal-organic framework (MOF), namely, MIL-101-NH2, for the co-delivery of anti-inflammatory drug curcumin (CCM) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) for hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-2α). CCM and siRNA were loaded via encapsulation and surface coordination ability of MIL-101-NH2. Our vitro tests showed that MIL-101-NH2 protected siRNA from nuclease degradation by lysosomal escape. The pH-responsive MIL-101-NH2 gradually collapsed in an acidic OA microenvironment to release the CCM payloads to down-regulate the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and to release the siRNA payloads to cleave the target HIF-2α mRNA for gene-silencing therapy, ultimately exhibiting the synergetic therapeutic efficacy by silencing HIF-2α genes accompanied by inhibiting the inflammation response and cartilage degeneration of OA. The hybrid material reported herein exhibited promising potential performance for OA therapy as supported by both in vitro and in vivo studies and may offer an efficacious therapeutic strategy for OA utilizing MOFs as host materials.

Liangxue Tongyu Prescription Alleviates Brain Damage in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage Rats by Regulating Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Function.

Background: Liangxue Tongyu prescription (LTP) is a commonly used formula for acute intracerebral hemorrhage (AICH) in clinical practice that has significant ameliorative effects on neurological deficits and gastrointestinal dysfunction, yet the mechanism remains elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathway by which LTP alleviates brain damage in AICH rats. Methods: The AICH rat models were established by autologous caudal arterial blood injection. The neurological function scores were evaluated before and after treatment. The water content and the volume of Evans blue staining in the brain were measured to reflect the degree of brain damage. RT-PCR was used to detect the inflammatory factors of the brain. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of the tight junction proteins zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), occludin (OCLN), and claudin (CLDN) in the brain and colon, followed by mucin 2 (MUC2), secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) in the colon. Flow cytometry was used to detect the ratios of helper T cells 17 (Th17) and regulatory T cells (Treg) in peripheral blood, and the vagus nerve (VN) discharge signals were collected. Results: LTP reduced the brain damage of the AICH rats. Compared with the model group, LTP significantly improved the permeability of the colonic mucosa, promoted the secretion of MUC2, SigA, and GPR43 in the colon, and regulated the immune balance of peripheral T cells. The AICH rats had significantly faster VN discharge rates and lower amplitudes than normal rats, and these abnormalities were corrected in the LTP and probiotics groups. Conclusion: LTP can effectively reduce the degree of brain damage in AICH rats, and the mechanism may be that it can play a neuroprotective role by regulating the function of the intestinal mucosal barrier.

Synergistic Effect of Polydatin and Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharides in Combating Atherosclerosis via Suppressing TLR4-Mediated NF-κB Activation in ApoE-Deficient Mice.

Objective: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, which is closely related to hyperlipidemia, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress. As natural products, polydatin (PD) and Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides (PSP) have remarkable pharmacological effects in anti-inflammatory, antioxidant stress, and lipid regulation. In this study, we sought to investigate whether the combination of polydatin and P. sibiricum polysaccharides play an anti-atherosclerotic role in alleviating inflammatory responses by inhibiting the toll-like receptor4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor88(MyD88)/nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB) signaling pathway. Methods: Thirty-two ApoE-/- mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) starting at the age of 8 weeks. Mice were randomly divided into four groups; (1) model group, (2) PD (100 mg/kg) + PSP (50 mg/kg) group, (3) TAK-242 (3 mg/kg) (TLR4 inhibitor) group, (4) PD (100 mg/kg) + PSP (50 mg/kg) + TAK-242 (3 mg/kg) group. Eight age-matched wild-type C57BL/6J mice fed an ordinary diet were used as a control group. Blood lipid levels were measured with an automatic biochemical analyzer. The lipid accumulation and histopathological changes in the aorta and liver were observed by Oil Red O and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, respectively. ELISA was performed to measure the serum levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Western blot analysis was performed to analyze the expression of key proteins in the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Results: Compared with the model group, the combination of PD and PSP significantly inhibit serum lipids (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglyceride) and cell adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1). Oil Red O staining indicated that the combination of PD and PSP decrease lipid accumulation in the aorta and liver. Moreover, H&E staining suggested that the combination of PD and PSP alleviate aortic intimal hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, and hepatic steatosis. Finally, the combination of PD and PSP inhibit the expression of TLR4, MyD88, and the phosphorylation level of NF-κB p65 protein in the aorta. Conclusions: Polydatin synergizes with P. sibiricum polysaccharides in preventing the development of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease by hydrocolonic sonography in children.

OBJECTIVES: To compare hydrocolonic sonography with histopathology for diagnosing children with symptoms highly suggestive of Hirschsprung disease (HD). METHODS: In this prospective study, patients presenting refractory constipation highly suggestive of HD underwent hydrocolonic sonography with retrograde infusion of saline into the colon. The dilated segments, narrowed segments, luminal diameter ratio, transition zone (TZ), thickening, and blood perfusion of the upstream bowel were evaluated. The sensitivity and specificity of combined and single parameters were determined in comparison with biopsy. RESULTS: One hundred and three children were included in this study; 49 were confirmed to have HD. The luminal diameter ratio showed superiority over other parameters. An area under the curve (AUC) of 0.969 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.936-1.000) and a cutoff value of 1.51 were established by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of the luminal diameter ratio (sensitivity: 89.8%; specificity: 96.3%). By combining the luminal diameter ratio as the major criterion with two minor criteria, hydrocolonic sonography showed the same sensitivity (91.8%) and better specificity (96.3% vs 87%) than contrast enema, but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.063). Consistency analysis showed a kappa value of 0.825 (p < 0.001), indicating excellent agreement between hydrocolonic sonography and contrast enema. CONCLUSIONS: Hydrocolonic sonography is a valuable diagnostic tool with both high sensitivity and specificity for HD diagnosis, allowing morphological and vascular assessments of the colon, and correlates well with contrast enema. In the appropriate setting, hydrocolonic sonography may be an alternative screening method for HD in a large group of children with constipation. Key Points • Hydrocolonic sonography is a simple, well-tolerated diagnostic tool with both high sensitivity and specificity for HD diagnosis. • Hydrocolonic sonography allows morphological and vascular assessments of the colon, and correlates well with contrast enema. • Hydrocolonic sonography is a possible alternative modality for paediatric patients highly suggestive of HD.

Current status of sorafenib nanoparticle delivery systems in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Advanced HCC displays strong resistance to chemotherapy, and traditional chemotherapy drugs do not achieve satisfactory therapeutic efficacy. Sorafenib is an oral kinase inhibitor that inhibits tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis and induces cancer cell apoptosis. It also improves the survival rates of patients with advanced liver cancer. However, due to its poor solubility, fast metabolism, and low bioavailability, clinical applications of sorafenib have been substantially restricted. In recent years, various studies have been conducted on the use of nanoparticles to improve drug targeting and therapeutic efficacy in HCC. Moreover, nanoparticles have been extensively explored to improve the therapeutic efficacy of sorafenib, and a variety of nanoparticles, such as polymer, lipid, silica, and metal nanoparticles, have been developed for treating liver cancer. All these new technologies have improved the targeted treatment of HCC by sorafenib and promoted nanomedicines as treatments for HCC. This review provides an overview of hot topics in tumor nanoscience and the latest status of treatments for HCC. It further introduces the current research status of nanoparticle drug delivery systems for treatment of HCC with sorafenib.

Butyric acid normalizes hyperglycemia caused by the tacrolimus-induced gut microbiota.

Approximately 33.6% of nondiabetic solid organ transplant recipients who received tacrolimus developed hyperglycemia. Whether the tacrolimus-induced gut microbiota is involved in the regulation of hyperglycemia has not been reported. Hyperglycemia was observed in a tacrolimus-treated mouse model, with reduction in taxonomic abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and decreased butyric acid concentration in the cecum. This tacrolimus-induced glucose metabolic disorder was caused by the gut microbiota, as confirmed by a broad-spectrum antibiotic model. Furthermore, oral supplementation with butyrate, whether for remedy or prevention, significantly increased the butyric acid content in the cecum and arrested hyperglycemia through the regulation of glucose-regulating hormones, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and insulin, in serum. The butyrate-G-protein-coupled receptor 43-GLP-1 pathway in the intestinal crypts may be involved in the pathogenesis of normalization of hyperglycemia caused by the tacrolimus. Therefore, tacrolimus affects glucose metabolism through the butyrate-associated GLP-1 pathway in the gut, and oral supplementation with butyrate provides new insights for the prevention and treatment of tacrolimus-induced hyperglycemia in transplant recipients.

Advanced Nanotechnology Leading the Way to Multimodal Imaging-Guided Precision Surgical Therapy.

Surgical resection is the primary and most effective treatment for most patients with solid tumors. However, patients suffer from postoperative recurrence and metastasis. In the past years, emerging nanotechnology has led the way to minimally invasive, precision and intelligent oncological surgery after the rapid development of minimally invasive surgical technology. Advanced nanotechnology in the construction of nanomaterials (NMs) for precision imaging-guided surgery (IGS) as well as surgery-assisted synergistic therapy is summarized, thereby unlocking the advantages of nanotechnology in multimodal IGS-assisted precision synergistic cancer therapy. First, mechanisms and principles of NMs to surgical targets are briefly introduced. Multimodal imaging based on molecular imaging technologies provides a practical method to achieve intraoperative visualization with high resolution and deep tissue penetration. Moreover, multifunctional NMs synergize surgery with adjuvant therapy (e.g., chemotherapy, immunotherapy, phototherapy) to eliminate residual lesions. Finally, key issues in the development of ideal theranostic NMs associated with surgical applications and challenges of clinical transformation are discussed to push forward further development of NMs for multimodal IGS-assisted precision synergistic cancer therapy.

Metabolites study on 5-O-methylvisammioside in vivo and in vitro by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

5-O-Methylvisammioside is one of major chromones of Radix Saposhnikoviae possessing definite pharmacological activities, but there are few reports with respect to the metabolism of 5-O-methylvisammioside. In this work, metabolites in vivo were explored in male Sprague-Dawley rats and in vitro investigated on rat intestinal bacteria incubation model and were identified by using ultra high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. An online data acquisition method based on a multiple mass defect filter and dynamic background subtraction was developed to trace all probable metabolites. As a result, 26 metabolites in vivo (including 18, 15, 10, and 10 in rat urine, faece, bile, and blood) and 7 metabolites in vitro were characterized, respectively. Additionally, the main metabolic pathways in vivo and in vitro, including deglycosylation, deglycosylation + demethylation, deglycosylation + oxidation, N-acetylation, and sulfate conjugation, were summarized by calculating the relative content of each metabolite. The obtained results significantly enriched our knowledge about 5-O-methylvisammioside metabolism and will lead to a better understanding of its safety and efficacy.

The Hippo signaling pathway: a potential therapeutic target is reversed by a Chinese patent drug in rats with diabetic retinopathy.

BACKGROUND: The Hippo signaling pathway is reported to be involved in angiogenesis, but the roles of the Hippo pathway in diabetic retinopathy have not been addressed. Fufang Xueshuantong Capsule has been used to treat diabetic retinopathy in China; however, the effect of Fufang Xueshuantong Capsule on the Hippo pathway has not been investigated. METHODS: In this study, diabetes was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Twenty weeks later, Fufang Xueshuantong Capsule was administered for 12 weeks. When the administration ended, the eyes were isolated for western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses. The levels of P- mammalian sterile 20-like (MST), large tumor suppressor homolog (Lats), P- yes-associated protein (YAP), transcriptional co-activator with PDZ binding motif (TAZ) and TEA domain family members (TEAD) were measured. RESULTS: Diabetic rats had a decreased P-MST level in the inner plexiform layer and reduced expression of P-YAP in the photoreceptor layers of their eyes. In addition, diabetic rats displayed remarkable increases in Lats, TAZ and TEAD in their retinas. Furthermore, Fufang Xueshuantong Capsule restored the changes in the Hippo pathway. CONCLUSIONS: The Hippo signaling pathway is important for the progression of diabetic retinopathy and will hopefully be a targeted therapeutic approach for the prevention of diabetic retinopathy.

In Vitro Selection of DNA Aptamers that Binds Geniposide.

Geniposide is a key iridoid glycoside from Gardenia jasminoides fructus widely used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine. However, detection of this small molecule represents a significant challenge mostly due to the lack of specific molecular recognition elements. In this study, we have performed in vitro selection experiments to isolate DNA aptamers that can specifically bind geniposide. Using a stringent selection procedure, we have isolated DNA aptamers that can distinguish geniposide from genipin and glucose, two structural analogs of geniposide. Two top aptamers exhibit low micromolar binding affinity towards geniposide, but show significantly reduced affinity to genipin and glucose. These aptamers have the potential to be further developed into analytical tools for the detection of geniposide.

The prescriptions from Shenghui soup enhanced neurite growth and GAP-43 expression level in PC12 cells.

BACKGROUND: Shenghui soup is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used in clinic for the treatment of forgetfulness. In order to understanding the prescription principle, the effects of "tonifying qi and strengthening spleen" group (TQSS) including Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf. and Panax ginseng C.A.Mey and "eliminating phlegm and strengthening intelligence" group (EPSI) composed of Polygala tenuifolia Willd., Acorus calamus L. and Sinapis alba L from the herb complex on neurite growth in PC12 cells, two disassembled prescriptions derived from Shenghui soup and their molecular mechanisms were investigated. METHODS: Firstly, CCK-8 kit was used to detect the impact of the two prescriptions on PC12 cell viability; and Flow cytometry was performed to measure the cell apoptosis when PC12 cells were treated with these drugs. Secondly, the effect of the two prescriptions on the differentiation of PC12 cells was observed. Finally, the mRNA and protein expression levels of GAP-43 were analyzed by RT-PCR and western blot, respectively. RESULTS: "Tonifying qi and strengthening spleen" prescription decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, but had no significant effect on cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, it could improve neurite growth and elevate the mRNA and protein expression level of GAP-43. "Eliminating phlegm and strengthening intelligence" prescription also exerted the similar effects on cell viability and apoptosis. Furthermore, it could also enhance cell neurite growth, with a higher expression level of GAP-43 mRNA and protein. CONCLUSION: "Tonifying qi and strengthening spleen" and "eliminating phlegm and strengthening intelligence" prescriptions from Shenghui soup have a positive effect on neurite growth. Their effects are related to the up-regulating expression of GAP-43.

Effect of Maternal Electroacupuncture on Perinatal Nicotine Exposure-Induced Lung Phenotype in Offspring.

INTRODUCTION: Pregnant women exposed to tobacco smoke predispose the offspring to many adverse consequences including an altered lung development and function. There is no effective therapeutic intervention to block the effects of smoke exposure on the developing lung. Clinical and animal studies demonstrate that acupuncture can modulate a variety of pathophysiological processes, including those involving the respiratory system; however, whether acupuncture affects the lung damage caused by perinatal smoke exposure is not known. METHODS: To determine the effect of acupuncture on perinatal nicotine exposure on the developing lung, pregnant rat dams were administered (1) saline, (2) nicotine, or (3) nicotine + electroacupuncture (EA). Nicotine was administered (1 mg/kg subcutaneously) once a day and EA was applied to both "Zusanli" (ST 36) points. Both interventions were administered from gestational day 6 to postnatal day 21 (PND21), following which pups were sacrificed. Lungs, blood, and brain were collected to examine markers of lung injury, repair, and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. RESULTS: Concomitant EA application blocked nicotine-induced changes in lung morphology, lung peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and wingless-int signaling, two key lung developmental signaling pathways, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (hypothalamic corticotropic releasing hormone and lung glucocorticoid receptor levels), and plasma ß-endorphin levels. CONCLUSIONS: Electroacupuncture blocks the nicotine-induced changes in lung developmental signaling pathways and the resultant myogenic lung phenotype, known to be present in the affected offspring. We conclude that EA is a promising novel intervention against the smoke exposed lung damage to the developing lung.

Simultaneous Detection of Flavonoids, Phenolic Acids and Alkaloids in Abri Herba and Abri Mollis Herba using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

INTRODUCTION: Abri Herba has remarkable properties, such as cleanup heat detoxification, dampness and activating blood circulation to dissipate blood stasis; as a result, it has been applied to treat acute or chronic hepatitis and mastitis. Abri mollis Herba is often used as Abri Herba. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was applied to compare the similarities and differences of the chemical compositions in the two types of medicinal materials. OBJECTIVE: To establish a high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous analysis of 15 flavonoids, two phenolic acids and three alkaloids in Abri Herba and Abri mollis Herba. METHODOLOGY: The chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column with a mobile phase of methanol (A), acetonitrile (B) and 0.5‰ acetic acid in water (C) using gradient elution. The detection of the target compounds was performed in multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using a hybrid quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with positive/negative ion-switching electrospray ionisation (ESI) source. RESULTS: The developed method is reliable, sensitive and specific. In addition, the method has been successfully applied to differentiate 15 batches of Abri Herba and 27 batches of Abri mollis Herba stems. Furthermore, a comparison of the contents among stems, roots and leaves from the same strain in seven batches of Abri mollis Herba and four batches of Abri Herba has also been performed. CONCLUSION: HPLC-MS/MS method is sensitive and selective and can be suitable for the reliable quality control of Abri mollis Herba and Abri Herba.

Simultaneous quantification of 25 active constituents in the total flavonoids extract from Herba Desmodii Styracifolii by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 25 active constituents, including 21 flavonoids and four phenolic acids in the total flavonoids extract from Herba Desmodii Styracifolii for the first time. Among the 25 compounds, seven compounds including caffeic acid, acacetin, genistein, genistin, diosmetin, diosmin and hesperidin were identified and quantified for the first time in Herba Desmodii Styracifolii. Chromatographic separation was accomplished on a ZORBAX SB-C18 (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5.0 µm) column using gradient elution of methanol and 0.1‰ acetic acid v/v at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The identification and quantification of the analytes were achieved using negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in multiple-reaction monitoring mode. The method was fully validated in terms of limits of detection and quantification, linearity, precision and accuracy. The results indicated that the developed method is simple, rapid, specific and reliable. Furthermore, the developed method was successfully applied to quantify the 25 active components in six batches of total flavonoids extract from Herba Desmodii Styracifolii.

Simultaneous determination of four flavonoids and one phenolic acid in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of the Herba Desmodii Styracifolii extract.

A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of four flavonoids (schaftoside, isovitexin, luteolin, and apigenin) and one phenolic acid (ferulic acid) in rat plasma using sulfamethoxazole as the internal standard (IS). The separation was performed using a Diamonsil C18 column, which was eluted with methanol (A) and 0.1‰ acetic acid (B). The gradient condition was as follows: 0-5min, 40-60% A; 5-6min, 60-95% A; and 6-10min, maintained at 95% A. The analytes were detected using a hybrid quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer that was equipped with an electrospray ionization source in the negative ion and multiple-reaction monitoring modes. A full validation of the method was performed. The linearity of the analytical response was good, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9925 for all of the compounds within the concentration range. The lower limits of quantitation (LLOQ) of schaftoside, isovitexin, luteolin, apigenin, and ferulic acid in rat plasma were 1.66, 0.84, 3.69, 1.70, and 3.91ng/mL, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precisions of the investigated components exhibited an RSD within 13.20%, and the accuracy (RE%) ranged from -8.47% to 10.90%. The results indicated that the developed method is sufficiently reliable for the pharmacokinetic study of schaftoside, isovitexin, apigenin, luteolin, and ferulic acid in rats following oral administration of the Herba Desmodii Styracifolii extract.