Permeant fluorescent probes visualize the activation of SARM1 and uncover an anti-neurodegenerative drug candidate.

SARM1 regulates axonal degeneration through its NAD-metabolizing activity and is a drug target for neurodegenerative disorders. We designed and synthesized fluorescent conjugates of styryl derivative with pyridine to serve as substrates of SARM1, which exhibited large red shifts after conversion. With the conjugates, SARM1 activation was visualized in live cells following elevation of endogenous NMN or treatment with a cell-permeant NMN-analog. In neurons, imaging documented mouse SARM1 activation preceded vincristine-induced axonal degeneration by hours. Library screening identified a derivative of nisoldipine (NSDP) as a covalent inhibitor of SARM1 that reacted with the cysteines, especially Cys311 in its ARM domain and blocked its NMN-activation, protecting axons from degeneration. The Cryo-EM structure showed that SARM1 was locked into an inactive conformation by the inhibitor, uncovering a potential neuroprotective mechanism of dihydropyridines.

The protective underlying mechanisms of Schisandrin on SH-SY5Y cell model of Alzheimer's disease.

The extract of Schisandrin a traditional Chinese medicine was postulated to be effective in prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this study was to examine the underlying protective actions of Schizandrin using a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y). In particular Schizandrin-mediated effects on expression of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3ß, protein kinase B (Akt) and Tau protein, known to be altered in AD were determined. In preliminary assays, various concentrations of Schisandrin were incubated SH-SY5Y cells to establish effects on cell viability and potential toxicity in further experimentation. Amyloid-ß (Aß1-42) peptide 10 µmol/L was used to induce in vitro AD model in SH-SY5Y. Exposure to Aß1-42 significantly reduced cell viability. Treatment with Schisandrin to Aß1-42 exposed cells increased cell viability compared to amyloid peptide; however only the 10 µmol/L Schisandrin concentration was effective in restoring cell viability to control. Western blot analysis demonstrated that Aß1-42 produced a significant decrease in p-Akt protein expression levels accompanied by marked elevation in p-tau and p-GSK-3ß protein expression levels. Addition of 10 µmol/L Schisandrin to amyloid-treated SH-SY5Y cells was found to significantly increase protein expression levels of p-Akt associated with reduction in expression levels of p-tau and p-GSK-3ß protein. Treatment with 10 µmol/L Schisandrin of SH-SY5Y cells with the p-Akt inhibitor LY294002 demonstrated that the herbal-induced rise in p-Akt protein expression was diminished by this inhibitor indicating that signal transduction occurred in the observed cellular effects. Evidence indicates that Schisandrin inhibition of Aß1-42 -mediated cellular damage in AD neurons may involve activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway where up-regulation of p-Akt activity consequently leads downstream to decreased activity of p-GSK-3ß phosphorylation accompanied by reduced tau protein. Consequently, restoration of neuronal cell viability was noted. Our findings suggest that the use of Schisandrin may be considered beneficial as a therapeutic agent in AD.

Protective effect of Schisandra chinensis lignans on hypoxia-induced PC12 cells and signal transduction.

It is well-known that hypoxia induces neuronal injury; however, the mechanisms underlying this observed effect remain to be determined. Schisandra chinensis lignans (SCL). The aim of this study was thus to examine the ability of Schisandra chinensis lignans (SCL) to prevent hypoxia-induced neuronal injury using a human adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12). Exposure to hypoxia significantly reduced cell survival rate in cultured PC12 cells. However, pretreatment with SCL at 10, 20 or 40 µmol/L followed by hypoxia prevented loss of cellular viability. Flow cytometry demonstrated that the apoptotic rate in PC12 cells following hypoxia was significantly increased. Pretreatment with SCL 20 or 40 µmol/L in hypoxia-exposed cells resulted in significantly reduced apoptotic rates compared to hypoxia. Immunocytochemical staining showed that protein expression of p-Akt was significantly diminished by hypoxia. Following pre-treatment with different concentrations of SCL, PC12 cells were markedly stimulated as evidenced by elevated protein expression of p-Akt in a concentration-dependent manner. The expression of p-Akt protein in the presence of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway inhibitor LY294002 and SCL was not markedly changed indicating that signal transduction was affected by this Chinese herb. There were no significant differences in total Akt protein expression following hypoxia or pretreatment with SCL. Western blot demonstrated that expression levels of caspase-3 protein were significantly increased while expression levels of Bcl-2 protein were decreased in hypoxic cells. Pretreatment with SCL followed by hypoxia significantly lowered expression levels of caspase-3 protein accompanied by elevated expression levels of Bcl-2 protein in a concentration-dependent manner. After co-incubation with LY29004 and SCL, down-regulation of expression of caspase-3 protein and up-regulation of the expression of Bcl-2 protein noted with SCL alone were suppressed. Data suggest that the protective effect exerted by SCL in hypoxia-induced PC12 cell injury involves enhanced cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis mediated by activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The increased protein Akt phosphorylation expression levels resulted in consequent reduced downstream caspase-3 expression and enhanced Bcl-2 expression.

Mongolian folk medicine--from traditional practice to scientific development.

Mongolian folk medicine, the important part of Mongolian medicine, is the main means, method and weapon of disease prevention, treatment and health care. Mongolian materia medicas are the important literatures of guiding the healthy development of the modern Mongolian medicine with a long and dazzling history. Since the founding of new China, a new history chapter of Mongolian folk medicine was opened under the attention and support from all levels of party and government. This paper intends to provide comprehensive insight into the rapid development of Mongolian folk medicine. The resources, phytochemistry, quality standard, pharmacology, dosage forms reform and production were reviewed to expound the process that Mongolian folk medicine was developed from traditional practices to scientific development