RESUMEN
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are increasingly produced and used as alternatives of brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) and have become emerging marine environmental contaminants. So far, however, little is known regarding the biological effects of OPFRs in marine organisms. In this study, the biological effects of one of the most abundant OPFRs, tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), on the immunity in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis were characterized by testing the reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, antioxidant system and immunity related gene expressions. Results indicated that both TCPP exposures (10 and 100â¯nmol L-1) significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced reactive oxygen species production and the high dose of TCPP induced more apoptosis and oxidative stress in mussel hemocytes. TCPP also induced an obvious hormesis phenomenon (low dose inhibition and high dose stimulation) in mussel hemocytes, as indicated by the gene expression profiles of caspase 8 and mytimacin. The down-regulated gene expression levels of lysozymes suggested that both TCPP exposures inhibited the innate immunity in mussel M. galloprovincialis. The significantly (p < 0.01) increased gene expression levels of TLR, galectin, PGRP and LITAF demonstrated that TCPP induced dose-dependent immune stress in mussels. Overall, this work suggested that TCPP could influence the immune system in marine mussel M. galloprovincialis.
Asunto(s)
Retardadores de Llama/toxicidad , Mytilus/efectos de los fármacos , Compuestos Organofosforados/toxicidad , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Portadoras/genética , Galectinas/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Hemocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Hemocitos/metabolismo , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Mytilus/genética , Mytilus/inmunología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Receptores Toll-Like/genética , Factores de Transcripción/genéticaRESUMEN
The compatibility of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) formulae containing enormous information, is a complex component system. Applications of mathematical statistics methods on the compatibility researches of traditional Chinese medicines formulae have great significance for promoting the modernization of traditional Chinese medicines and improving clinical efficacies and optimizations of formulae. As a tool for quantitative analysis, data inference and exploring inherent rules of substances, the mathematical statistics method can be used to reveal the working mechanisms of the compatibility of traditional Chinese medicines formulae in qualitatively and quantitatively. By reviewing studies based on the applications of mathematical statistics methods, this paper were summarized from perspective of dosages optimization, efficacies and changes of chemical components as well as the rules of incompatibility and contraindication of formulae, will provide the references for further studying and revealing the working mechanisms and the connotations of traditional Chinese medicines.