[Difference of lipid-lowering efficacy of "Xinjianqu" before and after fermentation and its mechanism based on LKB1-AMPK pathway and 16S rDNA sequencing technology].

On the basis of establishing the prescription of Xinjianqu and clarifying the increase of the lipid-lowering active ingredients of Xinjianqu by fermentation, this paper further compared the differences in the lipid-lowering effects of Xinjianqu before and after fermentation, and studied the mechanism of Xinjianqu in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Seventy SD rats were randomly divided into seven groups, including normal group, model group, positive drug simvastatin group(0.02 g·kg~(-1)), and low-dose and high-dose Xinjianqu groups before and after fermentation(1.6 g·kg~(-1) and 8 g·kg~(-1)), with ten rats in each group. Rats in each group were given high-fat diet continuously for six weeks to establish the model of hyperlipidemia(HLP). After successful modeling, the rats were given high-fat diet and gavaged by the corresponding drugs for six weeks, once a day, to compare the effects of Xinjianqu on the body mass, liver coefficient, and small intestine propulsion rate of rats with HLP before and after fermentation. The effects of Xinjianqu before and after fermentation on total cholesterol(TC), triacylglyceride(TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), blood urea nitrogen(BUN), creatinine(Cr), motilin(MTL), gastrin(GAS), and the Na~+-K~+-ATPase levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The effects of Xinjianqu on liver morphology of rats with HLP were investigated by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining and oil red O fat staining. The effects of Xinjianqu on the protein expression of adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase(AMPK), phosphorylated AMPK(p-AMPK), liver kinase B1(LKB1), and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate monoacyl coenzyme A reductase(HMGCR) in liver tissues were investigated by immunohistochemistry. The effects of Xinjianqu on the regulation of intestinal flora structure of rats with HLP were studied based on 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that compared with those in the normal group, rats in the model group had significantly higher body mass and liver coefficient(P<0.01), significantly lower small intestine propulsion rate(P<0.01), significantly higher serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, ALT, AST, BUN, Cr, and AQP2(P<0.01), and significantly lower serum levels of HDL-C, MTL, GAS, Na~+-K~+-ATP levels(P<0.01). The protein expression of AMPK, p-AMPK, and LKB1 in the livers of rats in the model group was significantly decreased(P<0.01), and that of HMGCR was significantly increased(P<0.01). In addition, the observed＿otus, Shannon, and Chao1 indices were significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01) in rat fecal flora in the model group. Besides, in the model group, the relative abundance of Firmicutes was reduced, while that of Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria was increased, and the relative abundance of beneficial genera such as Ligilactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae＿NK4A136＿group was reduced. Compared with the model group, all Xinjianqu groups regulated the body mass, liver coefficient, and small intestine index of rats with HLP(P<0.05 or P<0.01), reduced the serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, ALT, AST, BUN, Cr, and AQP2, increased the serum levels of HDL-C, MTL, GAS, and Na~+-K~+-ATP, improved the liver morphology, and increased the protein expression gray value of AMPK, p-AMPK, and LKB1 in the liver of rats with HLP and decreased that of LKB1. Xinjianqu groups could regulate the intestinal flora structure of rats with HLP, increased observed＿otus, Shannon, Chao1 indices, and increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Ligilactobacillus(genus), Lachnospiraceae＿NK4A136＿group(genus). Besides, the high-dose Xinjianqu-fermented group had significant effects on body mass, liver coefficient, small intestine propulsion rate, and serum index levels of rats with HLP(P<0.01), and the effects were better than those of Xinjianqu groups before fermentation. The above results show that Xinjianqu can improve the blood lipid level, liver and kidney function, and gastrointestinal motility of rats with HLP, and the improvement effect of Xinjianqu on hyperlipidemia is significantly enhanced by fermentation. The mechanism may be related to AMPK, p-AMPK, LKB1, and HMGCR protein in the LKB1-AMPK pathway and the regulation of intestinal flora structure.

[Status and thinking of quality supervision on imported medicinal materials in shortage].

With the continuous development of traditional Chinese medicine business, the types and amounts of Chinese materia medica resources are increasingly reduced. By reviewing the origins, trading sources, and existing quality standards of the available common Chinese madicinal materials in shortage, it was found that the large amount of imported medicinal materials in domestic market or clinical application were not due to the traditional paths such as envoys presenting tribute, business trade, war conflict, national migration, and tourist travel, but due to the shortage of resources in domestic origins. Meanwhile, the former quality control standard on traditional imported medicinal materials was out of date, and the new imported medicinal materials quality control standard was in absence, resulting in unclear origins, unknown origins and processing methods, as well as more and more prominent problems on mixed use of the different varieties with same name and the same varieties from different origins. On the one hand, this situation once again sounded the alarm for the development of Chinese medicine industry from the resource perspective. On the other hand, the confusion of new varieties in Chinese herbal medicine market has also brought a serious threat to the efficacy of Chinese medicine. It is pointed out that it is an effective way to ensure the drug safety of imported medicinal materials through strengthening quality supervision of shortage of traditional Chinese medicines based on the new pharmacopoeia standards.

Comparative analysis of autologous blood transfusion and allogeneic blood transfusion in surgical patients.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate application effects of autologous blood transfusion and allogeneic blood transfusion in surgically treated patients receiving spine surgery, abdomen surgery and ectopic pregnancy surgery. METHODS: 130 patients who would undergo selective operations were divided into autologous transfusion group and allogeneic transfusion group. Both groups received the same anesthesia, and there was no significant difference in transfusion volume or fluid infusion volume. RESULTS: The serum TNF-α level in autologous transfusion group after operation showed a clear upward trend and had significant difference compared with that before operation (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, after operation, the serum TNF-α level in autologous transfusion group was all significantly higher than that allogeneic transfusion group and the comparative difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). IgG level in treatment group did not significantly fluctuate during perioperative period, but IgG level in allogeneic transfusion group after operation was all significantly lower than that before operation, and there was statistically significant difference between both groups (P < 0.05). At the same time, complement C3 level in treatment group after operation was significantly higher than that before operation (P < 0.05), but complement C3 level in allogeneic transfusion group did not significantly change. After operation, there was statistically significant difference in complement C3 level between both groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Autologous transfusion is already a widely accepted transfusion method at present, and it can increase TNF-α and complement C3 levels in the body of surgically treated patients to strengthen immune ability against infection.