RESUMEN
Protecting haploid pollen and spores against UV-B light and high temperature, 2 major stresses inherent to the terrestrial environment, is critical for plant reproduction and dispersal. Here, we show flavonoids play an indispensable role in this process. First, we identified the flavanone naringenin, which serves to defend against UV-B damage, in the sporopollenin wall of all vascular plants tested. Second, we found that flavonols are present in the spore/pollen protoplasm of all euphyllophyte plants tested and that these flavonols scavenge reactive oxygen species to protect against environmental stresses, particularly heat. Genetic and biochemical analyses showed that these flavonoids are sequentially synthesized in both the tapetum and microspores during pollen ontogeny in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We show that stepwise increases in the complexity of flavonoids in spores/pollen during plant evolution mirror their progressive adaptation to terrestrial environments. The close relationship between flavonoid complexity and phylogeny and its strong association with pollen survival phenotypes suggest that flavonoids played a central role in the progression of plants from aquatic environments into progressively dry land habitats.
Asunto(s)
Arabidopsis , Flavonoides , Plantas , Polen/genética , Arabidopsis/genética , Flavonoles , EsporasRESUMEN
To determine the immune function of Taishan Robinia pseudoacacia Polysaccharide (TRPPS) on chickens, 240 chickens were selected as experimental animals and treated with various doses of TRPPS by hypodermic injection before immunized NDV inactivated vaccine. The results indicated that any dose of TRPPS could significantly promote the development of the immune organs, increase the quantity of leukocyte and the ratio of lymphocyte, and improve the antibody titers against Newcastle disease. Meanwhile, it also increased the magnitude of SIgA in duodenum. However, the dose of 200 mg/ml showed to be the most effective. Therefore, in terms of improving immunologic function and production performance, TRPPS could be used as a vaccine immunopotentiator for immune responses.
Asunto(s)
Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/uso terapéutico , Pollos/inmunología , Enfermedad de Newcastle/prevención & control , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & control , Robinia/química , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/administración & dosificación , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Duodeno/efectos de los fármacos , Duodeno/inmunología , Inmunidad Humoral/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunidad Mucosa/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunoglobulina A Secretora/inmunología , Recuento de Leucocitos , Enfermedad de Newcastle/inmunología , Virus de la Enfermedad de Newcastle/inmunología , Polisacáridos/administración & dosificación , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/inmunología , Vacunas de Productos Inactivados , Vacunas Virales/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Two unusual flavonones coupled with styryl units, communins A (1) and B (2), and a new benzonaphthoxanthenone, ohioensin H (3), together with 11 known compounds, were isolated from the moss Polytrichum commune. The structures of 1-3 were assigned by spectroscopic data interpretation. The new compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity against a small panel of cancer cell lines.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/aislamiento & purificación , Briófitas/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/aislamiento & purificación , Flavanonas/aislamiento & purificación , Compuestos Heterocíclicos de 4 o más Anillos/aislamiento & purificación , Xantenos/aislamiento & purificación , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Flavanonas/química , Flavanonas/farmacología , Compuestos Heterocíclicos de 4 o más Anillos/química , Compuestos Heterocíclicos de 4 o más Anillos/farmacología , Humanos , Estructura Molecular , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Xantenos/química , Xantenos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Two new and three previously known CIS-clerodane diterpenoids were isolated from the wild liverwort Gottschelia schizopleura (Jungermanniales, Jungermanniaceae). Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, especially 1D and 2D NMR data. The cytotoxic activities of compounds 1- 5 were evaluated against liver hepatoblastoma (HEP-G2), lung carcinoma (A549), breast ductal carcinoma (MDA-MB-435), and colon adenocarcinoma (LOVO) cell lines. Compound 1 showed moderate inhibition against MDA-MB-435 and LOVO cells.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/aislamiento & purificación , Hepatophyta/química , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/uso terapéutico , Línea Celular Tumoral , Diterpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Diterpenos/farmacología , Diterpenos/uso terapéutico , Diterpenos de Tipo Clerodano/aislamiento & purificación , Diterpenos de Tipo Clerodano/farmacología , Diterpenos de Tipo Clerodano/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Estructura Molecular , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents possessing cytotoxicity activity from Elaeagnus pungens. METHOD: The constituents were separated through repeated chromatographic methods and their structures were elucidated by spectral analysis. RESULT: Five compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate ether extract of leaves of E. pungens. Their structures were elucidated as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (1), 3, 3'-dimethoxyquercetin (2), caffeic acid methyl ester (3), methyl 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoate (4), spingic acid (5), 4-methoxylbenzoic acid (6), 3-methylkaempferol (7), kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside (8), dausosterol (9). CONCLUSION: Compounds 1-8 were isolated from this plant for the first time.